Merge tag 'v4.4-rc2' into drm-intel-next-queued
authorDaniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Mon, 23 Nov 2015 08:04:05 +0000 (09:04 +0100)
committerDaniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch>
Mon, 23 Nov 2015 08:04:05 +0000 (09:04 +0100)
Linux 4.4-rc2

Backmerge to get at

commit 1b0e3a049efe471c399674fd954500ce97438d30
Author: Imre Deak <imre.deak@intel.com>
Date:   Thu Nov 5 23:04:11 2015 +0200

    drm/i915/skl: disable display side power well support for now

so that we can proplery re-eanble skl power wells in -next.

Conflicts are just adjacent lines changed, except for intel_fbdev.c
where we need to interleave the changs. Nothing nefarious.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Vetter <daniel.vetter@intel.com>
22 files changed:
1  2 
Documentation/DocBook/gpu.tmpl
arch/x86/kernel/early-quirks.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_debugfs.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_dma.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_drv.h
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_fence.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_irq.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_params.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_audio.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_crt.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_ddi.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_display.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_dp_mst.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_guc_loader.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_lrc.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_lrc.h
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_pm.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_ringbuffer.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_runtime_pm.c
drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_uncore.c
drivers/pci/quirks.c

index 0000000,201dcd3..3bf810e
mode 000000,100644..100644
--- /dev/null
@@@ -1,0 -1,4286 +1,4290 @@@
 -      <title>GuC-based Command Submission</title>
+ <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+ <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
+       "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
+ <book id="gpuDevelopersGuide">
+   <bookinfo>
+     <title>Linux GPU Driver Developer's Guide</title>
+     <authorgroup>
+       <author>
+       <firstname>Jesse</firstname>
+       <surname>Barnes</surname>
+       <contrib>Initial version</contrib>
+       <affiliation>
+         <orgname>Intel Corporation</orgname>
+         <address>
+           <email>jesse.barnes@intel.com</email>
+         </address>
+       </affiliation>
+       </author>
+       <author>
+       <firstname>Laurent</firstname>
+       <surname>Pinchart</surname>
+       <contrib>Driver internals</contrib>
+       <affiliation>
+         <orgname>Ideas on board SPRL</orgname>
+         <address>
+           <email>laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com</email>
+         </address>
+       </affiliation>
+       </author>
+       <author>
+       <firstname>Daniel</firstname>
+       <surname>Vetter</surname>
+       <contrib>Contributions all over the place</contrib>
+       <affiliation>
+         <orgname>Intel Corporation</orgname>
+         <address>
+           <email>daniel.vetter@ffwll.ch</email>
+         </address>
+       </affiliation>
+       </author>
+       <author>
+       <firstname>Lukas</firstname>
+       <surname>Wunner</surname>
+       <contrib>vga_switcheroo documentation</contrib>
+       <affiliation>
+         <address>
+           <email>lukas@wunner.de</email>
+         </address>
+       </affiliation>
+       </author>
+     </authorgroup>
+     <copyright>
+       <year>2008-2009</year>
+       <year>2013-2014</year>
+       <holder>Intel Corporation</holder>
+     </copyright>
+     <copyright>
+       <year>2012</year>
+       <holder>Laurent Pinchart</holder>
+     </copyright>
+     <copyright>
+       <year>2015</year>
+       <holder>Lukas Wunner</holder>
+     </copyright>
+     <legalnotice>
+       <para>
+       The contents of this file may be used under the terms of the GNU
+       General Public License version 2 (the "GPL") as distributed in
+       the kernel source COPYING file.
+       </para>
+     </legalnotice>
+     <revhistory>
+       <!-- Put document revisions here, newest first. -->
+       <revision>
+       <revnumber>1.0</revnumber>
+       <date>2012-07-13</date>
+       <authorinitials>LP</authorinitials>
+       <revremark>Added extensive documentation about driver internals.
+       </revremark>
+       </revision>
+       <revision>
+       <revnumber>1.1</revnumber>
+       <date>2015-10-11</date>
+       <authorinitials>LW</authorinitials>
+       <revremark>Added vga_switcheroo documentation.
+       </revremark>
+       </revision>
+     </revhistory>
+   </bookinfo>
+ <toc></toc>
+ <part id="drmCore">
+   <title>DRM Core</title>
+   <partintro>
+     <para>
+       This first part of the GPU Driver Developer's Guide documents core DRM
+       code, helper libraries for writing drivers and generic userspace
+       interfaces exposed by DRM drivers.
+     </para>
+   </partintro>
+   <chapter id="drmIntroduction">
+     <title>Introduction</title>
+     <para>
+       The Linux DRM layer contains code intended to support the needs
+       of complex graphics devices, usually containing programmable
+       pipelines well suited to 3D graphics acceleration.  Graphics
+       drivers in the kernel may make use of DRM functions to make
+       tasks like memory management, interrupt handling and DMA easier,
+       and provide a uniform interface to applications.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       A note on versions: this guide covers features found in the DRM
+       tree, including the TTM memory manager, output configuration and
+       mode setting, and the new vblank internals, in addition to all
+       the regular features found in current kernels.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       [Insert diagram of typical DRM stack here]
+     </para>
+   </chapter>
+   <!-- Internals -->
+   <chapter id="drmInternals">
+     <title>DRM Internals</title>
+     <para>
+       This chapter documents DRM internals relevant to driver authors
+       and developers working to add support for the latest features to
+       existing drivers.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       First, we go over some typical driver initialization
+       requirements, like setting up command buffers, creating an
+       initial output configuration, and initializing core services.
+       Subsequent sections cover core internals in more detail,
+       providing implementation notes and examples.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       The DRM layer provides several services to graphics drivers,
+       many of them driven by the application interfaces it provides
+       through libdrm, the library that wraps most of the DRM ioctls.
+       These include vblank event handling, memory
+       management, output management, framebuffer management, command
+       submission &amp; fencing, suspend/resume support, and DMA
+       services.
+     </para>
+   <!-- Internals: driver init -->
+   <sect1>
+     <title>Driver Initialization</title>
+     <para>
+       At the core of every DRM driver is a <structname>drm_driver</structname>
+       structure. Drivers typically statically initialize a drm_driver structure,
+       and then pass it to <function>drm_dev_alloc()</function> to allocate a
+       device instance. After the device instance is fully initialized it can be
+       registered (which makes it accessible from userspace) using
+       <function>drm_dev_register()</function>.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       The <structname>drm_driver</structname> structure contains static
+       information that describes the driver and features it supports, and
+       pointers to methods that the DRM core will call to implement the DRM API.
+       We will first go through the <structname>drm_driver</structname> static
+       information fields, and will then describe individual operations in
+       details as they get used in later sections.
+     </para>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Driver Information</title>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Driver Features</title>
+         <para>
+           Drivers inform the DRM core about their requirements and supported
+           features by setting appropriate flags in the
+           <structfield>driver_features</structfield> field. Since those flags
+           influence the DRM core behaviour since registration time, most of them
+           must be set to registering the <structname>drm_driver</structname>
+           instance.
+         </para>
+         <synopsis>u32 driver_features;</synopsis>
+         <variablelist>
+           <title>Driver Feature Flags</title>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_USE_AGP</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Driver uses AGP interface, the DRM core will manage AGP resources.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_REQUIRE_AGP</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Driver needs AGP interface to function. AGP initialization failure
+               will become a fatal error.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_PCI_DMA</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Driver is capable of PCI DMA, mapping of PCI DMA buffers to
+               userspace will be enabled. Deprecated.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_SG</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Driver can perform scatter/gather DMA, allocation and mapping of
+               scatter/gather buffers will be enabled. Deprecated.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_HAVE_DMA</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Driver supports DMA, the userspace DMA API will be supported.
+               Deprecated.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_HAVE_IRQ</term><term>DRIVER_IRQ_SHARED</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               DRIVER_HAVE_IRQ indicates whether the driver has an IRQ handler
+               managed by the DRM Core. The core will support simple IRQ handler
+               installation when the flag is set. The installation process is
+               described in <xref linkend="drm-irq-registration"/>.</para>
+               <para>DRIVER_IRQ_SHARED indicates whether the device &amp; handler
+               support shared IRQs (note that this is required of PCI  drivers).
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_GEM</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Driver use the GEM memory manager.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_MODESET</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Driver supports mode setting interfaces (KMS).
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_PRIME</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Driver implements DRM PRIME buffer sharing.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_RENDER</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Driver supports dedicated render nodes.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRIVER_ATOMIC</term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Driver supports atomic properties.  In this case the driver
+               must implement appropriate obj->atomic_get_property() vfuncs
+               for any modeset objects with driver specific properties.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+         </variablelist>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Major, Minor and Patchlevel</title>
+         <synopsis>int major;
+ int minor;
+ int patchlevel;</synopsis>
+         <para>
+           The DRM core identifies driver versions by a major, minor and patch
+           level triplet. The information is printed to the kernel log at
+           initialization time and passed to userspace through the
+           DRM_IOCTL_VERSION ioctl.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           The major and minor numbers are also used to verify the requested driver
+           API version passed to DRM_IOCTL_SET_VERSION. When the driver API changes
+           between minor versions, applications can call DRM_IOCTL_SET_VERSION to
+           select a specific version of the API. If the requested major isn't equal
+           to the driver major, or the requested minor is larger than the driver
+           minor, the DRM_IOCTL_SET_VERSION call will return an error. Otherwise
+           the driver's set_version() method will be called with the requested
+           version.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Name, Description and Date</title>
+         <synopsis>char *name;
+ char *desc;
+ char *date;</synopsis>
+         <para>
+           The driver name is printed to the kernel log at initialization time,
+           used for IRQ registration and passed to userspace through
+           DRM_IOCTL_VERSION.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           The driver description is a purely informative string passed to
+           userspace through the DRM_IOCTL_VERSION ioctl and otherwise unused by
+           the kernel.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           The driver date, formatted as YYYYMMDD, is meant to identify the date of
+           the latest modification to the driver. However, as most drivers fail to
+           update it, its value is mostly useless. The DRM core prints it to the
+           kernel log at initialization time and passes it to userspace through the
+           DRM_IOCTL_VERSION ioctl.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Device Instance and Driver Handling</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_drv.c driver instance overview
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_drv.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Driver Load</title>
+       <sect3 id="drm-irq-registration">
+         <title>IRQ Registration</title>
+         <para>
+           The DRM core tries to facilitate IRQ handler registration and
+           unregistration by providing <function>drm_irq_install</function> and
+           <function>drm_irq_uninstall</function> functions. Those functions only
+           support a single interrupt per device, devices that use more than one
+           IRQs need to be handled manually.
+         </para>
+         <sect4>
+           <title>Managed IRQ Registration</title>
+           <para>
+             <function>drm_irq_install</function> starts by calling the
+             <methodname>irq_preinstall</methodname> driver operation. The operation
+             is optional and must make sure that the interrupt will not get fired by
+             clearing all pending interrupt flags or disabling the interrupt.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             The passed-in IRQ will then be requested by a call to
+             <function>request_irq</function>. If the DRIVER_IRQ_SHARED driver
+             feature flag is set, a shared (IRQF_SHARED) IRQ handler will be
+             requested.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             The IRQ handler function must be provided as the mandatory irq_handler
+             driver operation. It will get passed directly to
+             <function>request_irq</function> and thus has the same prototype as all
+             IRQ handlers. It will get called with a pointer to the DRM device as the
+             second argument.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             Finally the function calls the optional
+             <methodname>irq_postinstall</methodname> driver operation. The operation
+             usually enables interrupts (excluding the vblank interrupt, which is
+             enabled separately), but drivers may choose to enable/disable interrupts
+             at a different time.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             <function>drm_irq_uninstall</function> is similarly used to uninstall an
+             IRQ handler. It starts by waking up all processes waiting on a vblank
+             interrupt to make sure they don't hang, and then calls the optional
+             <methodname>irq_uninstall</methodname> driver operation. The operation
+             must disable all hardware interrupts. Finally the function frees the IRQ
+             by calling <function>free_irq</function>.
+           </para>
+         </sect4>
+         <sect4>
+           <title>Manual IRQ Registration</title>
+           <para>
+             Drivers that require multiple interrupt handlers can't use the managed
+             IRQ registration functions. In that case IRQs must be registered and
+             unregistered manually (usually with the <function>request_irq</function>
+             and <function>free_irq</function> functions, or their devm_* equivalent).
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             When manually registering IRQs, drivers must not set the DRIVER_HAVE_IRQ
+             driver feature flag, and must not provide the
+           <methodname>irq_handler</methodname> driver operation. They must set the
+           <structname>drm_device</structname> <structfield>irq_enabled</structfield>
+           field to 1 upon registration of the IRQs, and clear it to 0 after
+           unregistering the IRQs.
+           </para>
+         </sect4>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Memory Manager Initialization</title>
+         <para>
+           Every DRM driver requires a memory manager which must be initialized at
+           load time. DRM currently contains two memory managers, the Translation
+           Table Manager (TTM) and the Graphics Execution Manager (GEM).
+           This document describes the use of the GEM memory manager only. See
+           <xref linkend="drm-memory-management"/> for details.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Miscellaneous Device Configuration</title>
+         <para>
+           Another task that may be necessary for PCI devices during configuration
+           is mapping the video BIOS. On many devices, the VBIOS describes device
+           configuration, LCD panel timings (if any), and contains flags indicating
+           device state. Mapping the BIOS can be done using the pci_map_rom() call,
+           a convenience function that takes care of mapping the actual ROM,
+           whether it has been shadowed into memory (typically at address 0xc0000)
+           or exists on the PCI device in the ROM BAR. Note that after the ROM has
+           been mapped and any necessary information has been extracted, it should
+           be unmapped; on many devices, the ROM address decoder is shared with
+           other BARs, so leaving it mapped could cause undesired behaviour like
+           hangs or memory corruption.
+   <!--!Fdrivers/pci/rom.c pci_map_rom-->
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Bus-specific Device Registration and PCI Support</title>
+       <para>
+         A number of functions are provided to help with device registration.
+       The functions deal with PCI and platform devices respectively and are
+       only provided for historical reasons. These are all deprecated and
+       shouldn't be used in new drivers. Besides that there's a few
+       helpers for pci drivers.
+       </para>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_pci.c
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_platform.c
+     </sect2>
+   </sect1>
+   <!-- Internals: memory management -->
+   <sect1 id="drm-memory-management">
+     <title>Memory management</title>
+     <para>
+       Modern Linux systems require large amount of graphics memory to store
+       frame buffers, textures, vertices and other graphics-related data. Given
+       the very dynamic nature of many of that data, managing graphics memory
+       efficiently is thus crucial for the graphics stack and plays a central
+       role in the DRM infrastructure.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       The DRM core includes two memory managers, namely Translation Table Maps
+       (TTM) and Graphics Execution Manager (GEM). TTM was the first DRM memory
+       manager to be developed and tried to be a one-size-fits-them all
+       solution. It provides a single userspace API to accommodate the need of
+       all hardware, supporting both Unified Memory Architecture (UMA) devices
+       and devices with dedicated video RAM (i.e. most discrete video cards).
+       This resulted in a large, complex piece of code that turned out to be
+       hard to use for driver development.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       GEM started as an Intel-sponsored project in reaction to TTM's
+       complexity. Its design philosophy is completely different: instead of
+       providing a solution to every graphics memory-related problems, GEM
+       identified common code between drivers and created a support library to
+       share it. GEM has simpler initialization and execution requirements than
+       TTM, but has no video RAM management capabilities and is thus limited to
+       UMA devices.
+     </para>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>The Translation Table Manager (TTM)</title>
+       <para>
+         TTM design background and information belongs here.
+       </para>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>TTM initialization</title>
+         <warning><para>This section is outdated.</para></warning>
+         <para>
+           Drivers wishing to support TTM must fill out a drm_bo_driver
+           structure. The structure contains several fields with function
+           pointers for initializing the TTM, allocating and freeing memory,
+           waiting for command completion and fence synchronization, and memory
+           migration. See the radeon_ttm.c file for an example of usage.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           The ttm_global_reference structure is made up of several fields:
+         </para>
+         <programlisting>
+           struct ttm_global_reference {
+                   enum ttm_global_types global_type;
+                   size_t size;
+                   void *object;
+                   int (*init) (struct ttm_global_reference *);
+                   void (*release) (struct ttm_global_reference *);
+           };
+         </programlisting>
+         <para>
+           There should be one global reference structure for your memory
+           manager as a whole, and there will be others for each object
+           created by the memory manager at runtime.  Your global TTM should
+           have a type of TTM_GLOBAL_TTM_MEM.  The size field for the global
+           object should be sizeof(struct ttm_mem_global), and the init and
+           release hooks should point at your driver-specific init and
+           release routines, which probably eventually call
+           ttm_mem_global_init and ttm_mem_global_release, respectively.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Once your global TTM accounting structure is set up and initialized
+           by calling ttm_global_item_ref() on it,
+           you need to create a buffer object TTM to
+           provide a pool for buffer object allocation by clients and the
+           kernel itself.  The type of this object should be TTM_GLOBAL_TTM_BO,
+           and its size should be sizeof(struct ttm_bo_global).  Again,
+           driver-specific init and release functions may be provided,
+           likely eventually calling ttm_bo_global_init() and
+           ttm_bo_global_release(), respectively.  Also, like the previous
+           object, ttm_global_item_ref() is used to create an initial reference
+           count for the TTM, which will call your initialization function.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2 id="drm-gem">
+       <title>The Graphics Execution Manager (GEM)</title>
+       <para>
+         The GEM design approach has resulted in a memory manager that doesn't
+         provide full coverage of all (or even all common) use cases in its
+         userspace or kernel API. GEM exposes a set of standard memory-related
+         operations to userspace and a set of helper functions to drivers, and let
+         drivers implement hardware-specific operations with their own private API.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         The GEM userspace API is described in the
+         <ulink url="http://lwn.net/Articles/283798/"><citetitle>GEM - the Graphics
+         Execution Manager</citetitle></ulink> article on LWN. While slightly
+         outdated, the document provides a good overview of the GEM API principles.
+         Buffer allocation and read and write operations, described as part of the
+         common GEM API, are currently implemented using driver-specific ioctls.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         GEM is data-agnostic. It manages abstract buffer objects without knowing
+         what individual buffers contain. APIs that require knowledge of buffer
+         contents or purpose, such as buffer allocation or synchronization
+         primitives, are thus outside of the scope of GEM and must be implemented
+         using driver-specific ioctls.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         On a fundamental level, GEM involves several operations:
+         <itemizedlist>
+           <listitem>Memory allocation and freeing</listitem>
+           <listitem>Command execution</listitem>
+           <listitem>Aperture management at command execution time</listitem>
+         </itemizedlist>
+         Buffer object allocation is relatively straightforward and largely
+         provided by Linux's shmem layer, which provides memory to back each
+         object.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         Device-specific operations, such as command execution, pinning, buffer
+         read &amp; write, mapping, and domain ownership transfers are left to
+         driver-specific ioctls.
+       </para>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>GEM Initialization</title>
+         <para>
+           Drivers that use GEM must set the DRIVER_GEM bit in the struct
+           <structname>drm_driver</structname>
+           <structfield>driver_features</structfield> field. The DRM core will
+           then automatically initialize the GEM core before calling the
+           <methodname>load</methodname> operation. Behind the scene, this will
+           create a DRM Memory Manager object which provides an address space
+           pool for object allocation.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           In a KMS configuration, drivers need to allocate and initialize a
+           command ring buffer following core GEM initialization if required by
+           the hardware. UMA devices usually have what is called a "stolen"
+           memory region, which provides space for the initial framebuffer and
+           large, contiguous memory regions required by the device. This space is
+           typically not managed by GEM, and must be initialized separately into
+           its own DRM MM object.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>GEM Objects Creation</title>
+         <para>
+           GEM splits creation of GEM objects and allocation of the memory that
+           backs them in two distinct operations.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           GEM objects are represented by an instance of struct
+           <structname>drm_gem_object</structname>. Drivers usually need to extend
+           GEM objects with private information and thus create a driver-specific
+           GEM object structure type that embeds an instance of struct
+           <structname>drm_gem_object</structname>.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           To create a GEM object, a driver allocates memory for an instance of its
+           specific GEM object type and initializes the embedded struct
+           <structname>drm_gem_object</structname> with a call to
+           <function>drm_gem_object_init</function>. The function takes a pointer to
+           the DRM device, a pointer to the GEM object and the buffer object size
+           in bytes.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           GEM uses shmem to allocate anonymous pageable memory.
+           <function>drm_gem_object_init</function> will create an shmfs file of
+           the requested size and store it into the struct
+           <structname>drm_gem_object</structname> <structfield>filp</structfield>
+           field. The memory is used as either main storage for the object when the
+           graphics hardware uses system memory directly or as a backing store
+           otherwise.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Drivers are responsible for the actual physical pages allocation by
+           calling <function>shmem_read_mapping_page_gfp</function> for each page.
+           Note that they can decide to allocate pages when initializing the GEM
+           object, or to delay allocation until the memory is needed (for instance
+           when a page fault occurs as a result of a userspace memory access or
+           when the driver needs to start a DMA transfer involving the memory).
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Anonymous pageable memory allocation is not always desired, for instance
+           when the hardware requires physically contiguous system memory as is
+           often the case in embedded devices. Drivers can create GEM objects with
+           no shmfs backing (called private GEM objects) by initializing them with
+           a call to <function>drm_gem_private_object_init</function> instead of
+           <function>drm_gem_object_init</function>. Storage for private GEM
+           objects must be managed by drivers.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Drivers that do not need to extend GEM objects with private information
+           can call the <function>drm_gem_object_alloc</function> function to
+           allocate and initialize a struct <structname>drm_gem_object</structname>
+           instance. The GEM core will call the optional driver
+           <methodname>gem_init_object</methodname> operation after initializing
+           the GEM object with <function>drm_gem_object_init</function>.
+           <synopsis>int (*gem_init_object) (struct drm_gem_object *obj);</synopsis>
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           No alloc-and-init function exists for private GEM objects.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>GEM Objects Lifetime</title>
+         <para>
+           All GEM objects are reference-counted by the GEM core. References can be
+           acquired and release by <function>calling drm_gem_object_reference</function>
+           and <function>drm_gem_object_unreference</function> respectively. The
+           caller must hold the <structname>drm_device</structname>
+           <structfield>struct_mutex</structfield> lock. As a convenience, GEM
+           provides the <function>drm_gem_object_reference_unlocked</function> and
+           <function>drm_gem_object_unreference_unlocked</function> functions that
+           can be called without holding the lock.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           When the last reference to a GEM object is released the GEM core calls
+           the <structname>drm_driver</structname>
+           <methodname>gem_free_object</methodname> operation. That operation is
+           mandatory for GEM-enabled drivers and must free the GEM object and all
+           associated resources.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           <synopsis>void (*gem_free_object) (struct drm_gem_object *obj);</synopsis>
+           Drivers are responsible for freeing all GEM object resources, including
+           the resources created by the GEM core. If an mmap offset has been
+           created for the object (in which case
+           <structname>drm_gem_object</structname>::<structfield>map_list</structfield>::<structfield>map</structfield>
+           is not NULL) it must be freed by a call to
+           <function>drm_gem_free_mmap_offset</function>. The shmfs backing store
+           must be released by calling <function>drm_gem_object_release</function>
+           (that function can safely be called if no shmfs backing store has been
+           created).
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>GEM Objects Naming</title>
+         <para>
+           Communication between userspace and the kernel refers to GEM objects
+           using local handles, global names or, more recently, file descriptors.
+           All of those are 32-bit integer values; the usual Linux kernel limits
+           apply to the file descriptors.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           GEM handles are local to a DRM file. Applications get a handle to a GEM
+           object through a driver-specific ioctl, and can use that handle to refer
+           to the GEM object in other standard or driver-specific ioctls. Closing a
+           DRM file handle frees all its GEM handles and dereferences the
+           associated GEM objects.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           To create a handle for a GEM object drivers call
+           <function>drm_gem_handle_create</function>. The function takes a pointer
+           to the DRM file and the GEM object and returns a locally unique handle.
+           When the handle is no longer needed drivers delete it with a call to
+           <function>drm_gem_handle_delete</function>. Finally the GEM object
+           associated with a handle can be retrieved by a call to
+           <function>drm_gem_object_lookup</function>.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Handles don't take ownership of GEM objects, they only take a reference
+           to the object that will be dropped when the handle is destroyed. To
+           avoid leaking GEM objects, drivers must make sure they drop the
+           reference(s) they own (such as the initial reference taken at object
+           creation time) as appropriate, without any special consideration for the
+           handle. For example, in the particular case of combined GEM object and
+           handle creation in the implementation of the
+           <methodname>dumb_create</methodname> operation, drivers must drop the
+           initial reference to the GEM object before returning the handle.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           GEM names are similar in purpose to handles but are not local to DRM
+           files. They can be passed between processes to reference a GEM object
+           globally. Names can't be used directly to refer to objects in the DRM
+           API, applications must convert handles to names and names to handles
+           using the DRM_IOCTL_GEM_FLINK and DRM_IOCTL_GEM_OPEN ioctls
+           respectively. The conversion is handled by the DRM core without any
+           driver-specific support.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           GEM also supports buffer sharing with dma-buf file descriptors through
+           PRIME. GEM-based drivers must use the provided helpers functions to
+           implement the exporting and importing correctly. See <xref linkend="drm-prime-support" />.
+           Since sharing file descriptors is inherently more secure than the
+           easily guessable and global GEM names it is the preferred buffer
+           sharing mechanism. Sharing buffers through GEM names is only supported
+           for legacy userspace. Furthermore PRIME also allows cross-device
+           buffer sharing since it is based on dma-bufs.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3 id="drm-gem-objects-mapping">
+         <title>GEM Objects Mapping</title>
+         <para>
+           Because mapping operations are fairly heavyweight GEM favours
+           read/write-like access to buffers, implemented through driver-specific
+           ioctls, over mapping buffers to userspace. However, when random access
+           to the buffer is needed (to perform software rendering for instance),
+           direct access to the object can be more efficient.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           The mmap system call can't be used directly to map GEM objects, as they
+           don't have their own file handle. Two alternative methods currently
+           co-exist to map GEM objects to userspace. The first method uses a
+           driver-specific ioctl to perform the mapping operation, calling
+           <function>do_mmap</function> under the hood. This is often considered
+           dubious, seems to be discouraged for new GEM-enabled drivers, and will
+           thus not be described here.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           The second method uses the mmap system call on the DRM file handle.
+           <synopsis>void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd,
+              off_t offset);</synopsis>
+           DRM identifies the GEM object to be mapped by a fake offset passed
+           through the mmap offset argument. Prior to being mapped, a GEM object
+           must thus be associated with a fake offset. To do so, drivers must call
+           <function>drm_gem_create_mmap_offset</function> on the object. The
+           function allocates a fake offset range from a pool and stores the
+           offset divided by PAGE_SIZE in
+           <literal>obj-&gt;map_list.hash.key</literal>. Care must be taken not to
+           call <function>drm_gem_create_mmap_offset</function> if a fake offset
+           has already been allocated for the object. This can be tested by
+           <literal>obj-&gt;map_list.map</literal> being non-NULL.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Once allocated, the fake offset value
+           (<literal>obj-&gt;map_list.hash.key &lt;&lt; PAGE_SHIFT</literal>)
+           must be passed to the application in a driver-specific way and can then
+           be used as the mmap offset argument.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           The GEM core provides a helper method <function>drm_gem_mmap</function>
+           to handle object mapping. The method can be set directly as the mmap
+           file operation handler. It will look up the GEM object based on the
+           offset value and set the VMA operations to the
+           <structname>drm_driver</structname> <structfield>gem_vm_ops</structfield>
+           field. Note that <function>drm_gem_mmap</function> doesn't map memory to
+           userspace, but relies on the driver-provided fault handler to map pages
+           individually.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           To use <function>drm_gem_mmap</function>, drivers must fill the struct
+           <structname>drm_driver</structname> <structfield>gem_vm_ops</structfield>
+           field with a pointer to VM operations.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           <synopsis>struct vm_operations_struct *gem_vm_ops
+   struct vm_operations_struct {
+           void (*open)(struct vm_area_struct * area);
+           void (*close)(struct vm_area_struct * area);
+           int (*fault)(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf);
+   };</synopsis>
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           The <methodname>open</methodname> and <methodname>close</methodname>
+           operations must update the GEM object reference count. Drivers can use
+           the <function>drm_gem_vm_open</function> and
+           <function>drm_gem_vm_close</function> helper functions directly as open
+           and close handlers.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           The fault operation handler is responsible for mapping individual pages
+           to userspace when a page fault occurs. Depending on the memory
+           allocation scheme, drivers can allocate pages at fault time, or can
+           decide to allocate memory for the GEM object at the time the object is
+           created.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Drivers that want to map the GEM object upfront instead of handling page
+           faults can implement their own mmap file operation handler.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Memory Coherency</title>
+         <para>
+           When mapped to the device or used in a command buffer, backing pages
+           for an object are flushed to memory and marked write combined so as to
+           be coherent with the GPU. Likewise, if the CPU accesses an object
+           after the GPU has finished rendering to the object, then the object
+           must be made coherent with the CPU's view of memory, usually involving
+           GPU cache flushing of various kinds. This core CPU&lt;-&gt;GPU
+           coherency management is provided by a device-specific ioctl, which
+           evaluates an object's current domain and performs any necessary
+           flushing or synchronization to put the object into the desired
+           coherency domain (note that the object may be busy, i.e. an active
+           render target; in that case, setting the domain blocks the client and
+           waits for rendering to complete before performing any necessary
+           flushing operations).
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Command Execution</title>
+         <para>
+           Perhaps the most important GEM function for GPU devices is providing a
+           command execution interface to clients. Client programs construct
+           command buffers containing references to previously allocated memory
+           objects, and then submit them to GEM. At that point, GEM takes care to
+           bind all the objects into the GTT, execute the buffer, and provide
+           necessary synchronization between clients accessing the same buffers.
+           This often involves evicting some objects from the GTT and re-binding
+           others (a fairly expensive operation), and providing relocation
+           support which hides fixed GTT offsets from clients. Clients must take
+           care not to submit command buffers that reference more objects than
+           can fit in the GTT; otherwise, GEM will reject them and no rendering
+           will occur. Similarly, if several objects in the buffer require fence
+           registers to be allocated for correct rendering (e.g. 2D blits on
+           pre-965 chips), care must be taken not to require more fence registers
+           than are available to the client. Such resource management should be
+           abstracted from the client in libdrm.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>GEM Function Reference</title>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem.c
+       </sect3>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>VMA Offset Manager</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_vma_manager.c vma offset manager
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_vma_manager.c
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_vma_manager.h
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2 id="drm-prime-support">
+       <title>PRIME Buffer Sharing</title>
+       <para>
+         PRIME is the cross device buffer sharing framework in drm, originally
+         created for the OPTIMUS range of multi-gpu platforms. To userspace
+         PRIME buffers are dma-buf based file descriptors.
+       </para>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Overview and Driver Interface</title>
+         <para>
+           Similar to GEM global names, PRIME file descriptors are
+           also used to share buffer objects across processes. They offer
+           additional security: as file descriptors must be explicitly sent over
+           UNIX domain sockets to be shared between applications, they can't be
+           guessed like the globally unique GEM names.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Drivers that support the PRIME
+           API must set the DRIVER_PRIME bit in the struct
+           <structname>drm_driver</structname>
+           <structfield>driver_features</structfield> field, and implement the
+           <methodname>prime_handle_to_fd</methodname> and
+           <methodname>prime_fd_to_handle</methodname> operations.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           <synopsis>int (*prime_handle_to_fd)(struct drm_device *dev,
+                           struct drm_file *file_priv, uint32_t handle,
+                           uint32_t flags, int *prime_fd);
+ int (*prime_fd_to_handle)(struct drm_device *dev,
+                           struct drm_file *file_priv, int prime_fd,
+                           uint32_t *handle);</synopsis>
+             Those two operations convert a handle to a PRIME file descriptor and
+             vice versa. Drivers must use the kernel dma-buf buffer sharing framework
+             to manage the PRIME file descriptors. Similar to the mode setting
+             API PRIME is agnostic to the underlying buffer object manager, as
+             long as handles are 32bit unsigned integers.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             While non-GEM drivers must implement the operations themselves, GEM
+             drivers must use the <function>drm_gem_prime_handle_to_fd</function>
+             and <function>drm_gem_prime_fd_to_handle</function> helper functions.
+             Those helpers rely on the driver
+             <methodname>gem_prime_export</methodname> and
+             <methodname>gem_prime_import</methodname> operations to create a dma-buf
+             instance from a GEM object (dma-buf exporter role) and to create a GEM
+             object from a dma-buf instance (dma-buf importer role).
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             <synopsis>struct dma_buf * (*gem_prime_export)(struct drm_device *dev,
+                              struct drm_gem_object *obj,
+                              int flags);
+ struct drm_gem_object * (*gem_prime_import)(struct drm_device *dev,
+                                             struct dma_buf *dma_buf);</synopsis>
+             These two operations are mandatory for GEM drivers that support
+             PRIME.
+           </para>
+         </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>PRIME Helper Functions</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c PRIME Helpers
+       </sect3>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>PRIME Function References</title>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_prime.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>DRM MM Range Allocator</title>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Overview</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_mm.c Overview
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>LRU Scan/Eviction Support</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_mm.c lru scan roaster
+       </sect3>
+       </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>DRM MM Range Allocator Function References</title>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_mm.c
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_mm.h
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>CMA Helper Functions Reference</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem_cma_helper.c cma helpers
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_gem_cma_helper.c
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_gem_cma_helper.h
+     </sect2>
+   </sect1>
+   <!-- Internals: mode setting -->
+   <sect1 id="drm-mode-setting">
+     <title>Mode Setting</title>
+     <para>
+       Drivers must initialize the mode setting core by calling
+       <function>drm_mode_config_init</function> on the DRM device. The function
+       initializes the <structname>drm_device</structname>
+       <structfield>mode_config</structfield> field and never fails. Once done,
+       mode configuration must be setup by initializing the following fields.
+     </para>
+     <itemizedlist>
+       <listitem>
+         <synopsis>int min_width, min_height;
+ int max_width, max_height;</synopsis>
+         <para>
+         Minimum and maximum width and height of the frame buffers in pixel
+         units.
+       </para>
+       </listitem>
+       <listitem>
+         <synopsis>struct drm_mode_config_funcs *funcs;</synopsis>
+       <para>Mode setting functions.</para>
+       </listitem>
+     </itemizedlist>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Display Modes Function Reference</title>
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_modes.h
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_modes.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Atomic Mode Setting Function Reference</title>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_atomic.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Frame Buffer Creation</title>
+       <synopsis>struct drm_framebuffer *(*fb_create)(struct drm_device *dev,
+                                    struct drm_file *file_priv,
+                                    struct drm_mode_fb_cmd2 *mode_cmd);</synopsis>
+       <para>
+         Frame buffers are abstract memory objects that provide a source of
+         pixels to scanout to a CRTC. Applications explicitly request the
+         creation of frame buffers through the DRM_IOCTL_MODE_ADDFB(2) ioctls and
+         receive an opaque handle that can be passed to the KMS CRTC control,
+         plane configuration and page flip functions.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         Frame buffers rely on the underneath memory manager for low-level memory
+         operations. When creating a frame buffer applications pass a memory
+         handle (or a list of memory handles for multi-planar formats) through
+       the <parameter>drm_mode_fb_cmd2</parameter> argument. For drivers using
+       GEM as their userspace buffer management interface this would be a GEM
+       handle.  Drivers are however free to use their own backing storage object
+       handles, e.g. vmwgfx directly exposes special TTM handles to userspace
+       and so expects TTM handles in the create ioctl and not GEM handles.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         Drivers must first validate the requested frame buffer parameters passed
+         through the mode_cmd argument. In particular this is where invalid
+         sizes, pixel formats or pitches can be caught.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         If the parameters are deemed valid, drivers then create, initialize and
+         return an instance of struct <structname>drm_framebuffer</structname>.
+         If desired the instance can be embedded in a larger driver-specific
+       structure. Drivers must fill its <structfield>width</structfield>,
+       <structfield>height</structfield>, <structfield>pitches</structfield>,
+         <structfield>offsets</structfield>, <structfield>depth</structfield>,
+         <structfield>bits_per_pixel</structfield> and
+         <structfield>pixel_format</structfield> fields from the values passed
+         through the <parameter>drm_mode_fb_cmd2</parameter> argument. They
+         should call the <function>drm_helper_mode_fill_fb_struct</function>
+         helper function to do so.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+       The initialization of the new framebuffer instance is finalized with a
+       call to <function>drm_framebuffer_init</function> which takes a pointer
+       to DRM frame buffer operations (struct
+       <structname>drm_framebuffer_funcs</structname>). Note that this function
+       publishes the framebuffer and so from this point on it can be accessed
+       concurrently from other threads. Hence it must be the last step in the
+       driver's framebuffer initialization sequence. Frame buffer operations
+       are
+         <itemizedlist>
+           <listitem>
+             <synopsis>int (*create_handle)(struct drm_framebuffer *fb,
+                    struct drm_file *file_priv, unsigned int *handle);</synopsis>
+             <para>
+               Create a handle to the frame buffer underlying memory object. If
+               the frame buffer uses a multi-plane format, the handle will
+               reference the memory object associated with the first plane.
+             </para>
+             <para>
+               Drivers call <function>drm_gem_handle_create</function> to create
+               the handle.
+             </para>
+           </listitem>
+           <listitem>
+             <synopsis>void (*destroy)(struct drm_framebuffer *framebuffer);</synopsis>
+             <para>
+               Destroy the frame buffer object and frees all associated
+               resources. Drivers must call
+               <function>drm_framebuffer_cleanup</function> to free resources
+               allocated by the DRM core for the frame buffer object, and must
+               make sure to unreference all memory objects associated with the
+               frame buffer. Handles created by the
+               <methodname>create_handle</methodname> operation are released by
+               the DRM core.
+             </para>
+           </listitem>
+           <listitem>
+             <synopsis>int (*dirty)(struct drm_framebuffer *framebuffer,
+            struct drm_file *file_priv, unsigned flags, unsigned color,
+            struct drm_clip_rect *clips, unsigned num_clips);</synopsis>
+             <para>
+               This optional operation notifies the driver that a region of the
+               frame buffer has changed in response to a DRM_IOCTL_MODE_DIRTYFB
+               ioctl call.
+             </para>
+           </listitem>
+         </itemizedlist>
+       </para>
+       <para>
+       The lifetime of a drm framebuffer is controlled with a reference count,
+       drivers can grab additional references with
+       <function>drm_framebuffer_reference</function>and drop them
+       again with <function>drm_framebuffer_unreference</function>. For
+       driver-private framebuffers for which the last reference is never
+       dropped (e.g. for the fbdev framebuffer when the struct
+       <structname>drm_framebuffer</structname> is embedded into the fbdev
+       helper struct) drivers can manually clean up a framebuffer at module
+       unload time with
+       <function>drm_framebuffer_unregister_private</function>.
+       </para>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Dumb Buffer Objects</title>
+       <para>
+       The KMS API doesn't standardize backing storage object creation and
+       leaves it to driver-specific ioctls. Furthermore actually creating a
+       buffer object even for GEM-based drivers is done through a
+       driver-specific ioctl - GEM only has a common userspace interface for
+       sharing and destroying objects. While not an issue for full-fledged
+       graphics stacks that include device-specific userspace components (in
+       libdrm for instance), this limit makes DRM-based early boot graphics
+       unnecessarily complex.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         Dumb objects partly alleviate the problem by providing a standard
+         API to create dumb buffers suitable for scanout, which can then be used
+         to create KMS frame buffers.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         To support dumb objects drivers must implement the
+         <methodname>dumb_create</methodname>,
+         <methodname>dumb_destroy</methodname> and
+         <methodname>dumb_map_offset</methodname> operations.
+       </para>
+       <itemizedlist>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>int (*dumb_create)(struct drm_file *file_priv, struct drm_device *dev,
+                    struct drm_mode_create_dumb *args);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             The <methodname>dumb_create</methodname> operation creates a driver
+           object (GEM or TTM handle) suitable for scanout based on the
+           width, height and depth from the struct
+           <structname>drm_mode_create_dumb</structname> argument. It fills the
+           argument's <structfield>handle</structfield>,
+           <structfield>pitch</structfield> and <structfield>size</structfield>
+           fields with a handle for the newly created object and its line
+             pitch and size in bytes.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>int (*dumb_destroy)(struct drm_file *file_priv, struct drm_device *dev,
+                     uint32_t handle);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             The <methodname>dumb_destroy</methodname> operation destroys a dumb
+             object created by <methodname>dumb_create</methodname>.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>int (*dumb_map_offset)(struct drm_file *file_priv, struct drm_device *dev,
+                        uint32_t handle, uint64_t *offset);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             The <methodname>dumb_map_offset</methodname> operation associates an
+             mmap fake offset with the object given by the handle and returns
+             it. Drivers must use the
+             <function>drm_gem_create_mmap_offset</function> function to
+             associate the fake offset as described in
+             <xref linkend="drm-gem-objects-mapping"/>.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+       </itemizedlist>
+       <para>
+         Note that dumb objects may not be used for gpu acceleration, as has been
+       attempted on some ARM embedded platforms. Such drivers really must have
+       a hardware-specific ioctl to allocate suitable buffer objects.
+       </para>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Output Polling</title>
+       <synopsis>void (*output_poll_changed)(struct drm_device *dev);</synopsis>
+       <para>
+         This operation notifies the driver that the status of one or more
+         connectors has changed. Drivers that use the fb helper can just call the
+         <function>drm_fb_helper_hotplug_event</function> function to handle this
+         operation.
+       </para>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Locking</title>
+       <para>
+         Beside some lookup structures with their own locking (which is hidden
+       behind the interface functions) most of the modeset state is protected
+       by the <code>dev-&lt;mode_config.lock</code> mutex and additionally
+       per-crtc locks to allow cursor updates, pageflips and similar operations
+       to occur concurrently with background tasks like output detection.
+       Operations which cross domains like a full modeset always grab all
+       locks. Drivers there need to protect resources shared between crtcs with
+       additional locking. They also need to be careful to always grab the
+       relevant crtc locks if a modset functions touches crtc state, e.g. for
+       load detection (which does only grab the <code>mode_config.lock</code>
+       to allow concurrent screen updates on live crtcs).
+       </para>
+     </sect2>
+   </sect1>
+   <!-- Internals: kms initialization and cleanup -->
+   <sect1 id="drm-kms-init">
+     <title>KMS Initialization and Cleanup</title>
+     <para>
+       A KMS device is abstracted and exposed as a set of planes, CRTCs, encoders
+       and connectors. KMS drivers must thus create and initialize all those
+       objects at load time after initializing mode setting.
+     </para>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>CRTCs (struct <structname>drm_crtc</structname>)</title>
+       <para>
+         A CRTC is an abstraction representing a part of the chip that contains a
+       pointer to a scanout buffer. Therefore, the number of CRTCs available
+       determines how many independent scanout buffers can be active at any
+       given time. The CRTC structure contains several fields to support this:
+       a pointer to some video memory (abstracted as a frame buffer object), a
+       display mode, and an (x, y) offset into the video memory to support
+       panning or configurations where one piece of video memory spans multiple
+       CRTCs.
+       </para>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>CRTC Initialization</title>
+         <para>
+           A KMS device must create and register at least one struct
+           <structname>drm_crtc</structname> instance. The instance is allocated
+           and zeroed by the driver, possibly as part of a larger structure, and
+           registered with a call to <function>drm_crtc_init</function> with a
+           pointer to CRTC functions.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3 id="drm-kms-crtcops">
+         <title>CRTC Operations</title>
+         <sect4>
+           <title>Set Configuration</title>
+           <synopsis>int (*set_config)(struct drm_mode_set *set);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Apply a new CRTC configuration to the device. The configuration
+             specifies a CRTC, a frame buffer to scan out from, a (x,y) position in
+             the frame buffer, a display mode and an array of connectors to drive
+             with the CRTC if possible.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             If the frame buffer specified in the configuration is NULL, the driver
+             must detach all encoders connected to the CRTC and all connectors
+             attached to those encoders and disable them.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             This operation is called with the mode config lock held.
+           </para>
+           <note><para>
+           Note that the drm core has no notion of restoring the mode setting
+           state after resume, since all resume handling is in the full
+           responsibility of the driver. The common mode setting helper library
+           though provides a helper which can be used for this:
+           <function>drm_helper_resume_force_mode</function>.
+           </para></note>
+         </sect4>
+         <sect4>
+           <title>Page Flipping</title>
+           <synopsis>int (*page_flip)(struct drm_crtc *crtc, struct drm_framebuffer *fb,
+                    struct drm_pending_vblank_event *event);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Schedule a page flip to the given frame buffer for the CRTC. This
+             operation is called with the mode config mutex held.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             Page flipping is a synchronization mechanism that replaces the frame
+             buffer being scanned out by the CRTC with a new frame buffer during
+             vertical blanking, avoiding tearing. When an application requests a page
+             flip the DRM core verifies that the new frame buffer is large enough to
+             be scanned out by  the CRTC in the currently configured mode and then
+             calls the CRTC <methodname>page_flip</methodname> operation with a
+             pointer to the new frame buffer.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             The <methodname>page_flip</methodname> operation schedules a page flip.
+             Once any pending rendering targeting the new frame buffer has
+             completed, the CRTC will be reprogrammed to display that frame buffer
+             after the next vertical refresh. The operation must return immediately
+             without waiting for rendering or page flip to complete and must block
+             any new rendering to the frame buffer until the page flip completes.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             If a page flip can be successfully scheduled the driver must set the
+             <code>drm_crtc-&gt;fb</code> field to the new framebuffer pointed to
+             by <code>fb</code>. This is important so that the reference counting
+             on framebuffers stays balanced.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             If a page flip is already pending, the
+             <methodname>page_flip</methodname> operation must return
+             -<errorname>EBUSY</errorname>.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             To synchronize page flip to vertical blanking the driver will likely
+             need to enable vertical blanking interrupts. It should call
+             <function>drm_vblank_get</function> for that purpose, and call
+             <function>drm_vblank_put</function> after the page flip completes.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             If the application has requested to be notified when page flip completes
+             the <methodname>page_flip</methodname> operation will be called with a
+             non-NULL <parameter>event</parameter> argument pointing to a
+             <structname>drm_pending_vblank_event</structname> instance. Upon page
+             flip completion the driver must call <methodname>drm_send_vblank_event</methodname>
+             to fill in the event and send to wake up any waiting processes.
+             This can be performed with
+             <programlisting><![CDATA[
+             spin_lock_irqsave(&dev->event_lock, flags);
+             ...
+             drm_send_vblank_event(dev, pipe, event);
+             spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dev->event_lock, flags);
+             ]]></programlisting>
+           </para>
+           <note><para>
+             FIXME: Could drivers that don't need to wait for rendering to complete
+             just add the event to <literal>dev-&gt;vblank_event_list</literal> and
+             let the DRM core handle everything, as for "normal" vertical blanking
+             events?
+           </para></note>
+           <para>
+             While waiting for the page flip to complete, the
+             <literal>event-&gt;base.link</literal> list head can be used freely by
+             the driver to store the pending event in a driver-specific list.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             If the file handle is closed before the event is signaled, drivers must
+             take care to destroy the event in their
+             <methodname>preclose</methodname> operation (and, if needed, call
+             <function>drm_vblank_put</function>).
+           </para>
+         </sect4>
+         <sect4>
+           <title>Miscellaneous</title>
+           <itemizedlist>
+             <listitem>
+               <synopsis>void (*set_property)(struct drm_crtc *crtc,
+                      struct drm_property *property, uint64_t value);</synopsis>
+               <para>
+                 Set the value of the given CRTC property to
+                 <parameter>value</parameter>. See <xref linkend="drm-kms-properties"/>
+                 for more information about properties.
+               </para>
+             </listitem>
+             <listitem>
+               <synopsis>void (*gamma_set)(struct drm_crtc *crtc, u16 *r, u16 *g, u16 *b,
+                         uint32_t start, uint32_t size);</synopsis>
+               <para>
+                 Apply a gamma table to the device. The operation is optional.
+               </para>
+             </listitem>
+             <listitem>
+               <synopsis>void (*destroy)(struct drm_crtc *crtc);</synopsis>
+               <para>
+                 Destroy the CRTC when not needed anymore. See
+                 <xref linkend="drm-kms-init"/>.
+               </para>
+             </listitem>
+           </itemizedlist>
+         </sect4>
+       </sect3>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Planes (struct <structname>drm_plane</structname>)</title>
+       <para>
+         A plane represents an image source that can be blended with or overlayed
+       on top of a CRTC during the scanout process. Planes are associated with
+       a frame buffer to crop a portion of the image memory (source) and
+       optionally scale it to a destination size. The result is then blended
+       with or overlayed on top of a CRTC.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+       The DRM core recognizes three types of planes:
+       <itemizedlist>
+         <listitem>
+         DRM_PLANE_TYPE_PRIMARY represents a "main" plane for a CRTC.  Primary
+         planes are the planes operated upon by CRTC modesetting and flipping
+         operations described in <xref linkend="drm-kms-crtcops"/>.
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+         DRM_PLANE_TYPE_CURSOR represents a "cursor" plane for a CRTC.  Cursor
+         planes are the planes operated upon by the DRM_IOCTL_MODE_CURSOR and
+         DRM_IOCTL_MODE_CURSOR2 ioctls.
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+         DRM_PLANE_TYPE_OVERLAY represents all non-primary, non-cursor planes.
+         Some drivers refer to these types of planes as "sprites" internally.
+         </listitem>
+       </itemizedlist>
+       For compatibility with legacy userspace, only overlay planes are made
+       available to userspace by default.  Userspace clients may set the
+       DRM_CLIENT_CAP_UNIVERSAL_PLANES client capability bit to indicate that
+       they wish to receive a universal plane list containing all plane types.
+       </para>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Plane Initialization</title>
+         <para>
+           To create a plane, a KMS drivers allocates and
+           zeroes an instances of struct <structname>drm_plane</structname>
+           (possibly as part of a larger structure) and registers it with a call
+           to <function>drm_universal_plane_init</function>. The function takes a bitmask
+           of the CRTCs that can be associated with the plane, a pointer to the
+           plane functions, a list of format supported formats, and the type of
+           plane (primary, cursor, or overlay) being initialized.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Cursor and overlay planes are optional.  All drivers should provide
+           one primary plane per CRTC (although this requirement may change in
+           the future); drivers that do not wish to provide special handling for
+           primary planes may make use of the helper functions described in
+           <xref linkend="drm-kms-planehelpers"/> to create and register a
+           primary plane with standard capabilities.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Plane Operations</title>
+         <itemizedlist>
+           <listitem>
+             <synopsis>int (*update_plane)(struct drm_plane *plane, struct drm_crtc *crtc,
+                         struct drm_framebuffer *fb, int crtc_x, int crtc_y,
+                         unsigned int crtc_w, unsigned int crtc_h,
+                         uint32_t src_x, uint32_t src_y,
+                         uint32_t src_w, uint32_t src_h);</synopsis>
+             <para>
+               Enable and configure the plane to use the given CRTC and frame buffer.
+             </para>
+             <para>
+               The source rectangle in frame buffer memory coordinates is given by
+               the <parameter>src_x</parameter>, <parameter>src_y</parameter>,
+               <parameter>src_w</parameter> and <parameter>src_h</parameter>
+               parameters (as 16.16 fixed point values). Devices that don't support
+               subpixel plane coordinates can ignore the fractional part.
+             </para>
+             <para>
+               The destination rectangle in CRTC coordinates is given by the
+               <parameter>crtc_x</parameter>, <parameter>crtc_y</parameter>,
+               <parameter>crtc_w</parameter> and <parameter>crtc_h</parameter>
+               parameters (as integer values). Devices scale the source rectangle to
+               the destination rectangle. If scaling is not supported, and the source
+               rectangle size doesn't match the destination rectangle size, the
+               driver must return a -<errorname>EINVAL</errorname> error.
+             </para>
+           </listitem>
+           <listitem>
+             <synopsis>int (*disable_plane)(struct drm_plane *plane);</synopsis>
+             <para>
+               Disable the plane. The DRM core calls this method in response to a
+               DRM_IOCTL_MODE_SETPLANE ioctl call with the frame buffer ID set to 0.
+               Disabled planes must not be processed by the CRTC.
+             </para>
+           </listitem>
+           <listitem>
+             <synopsis>void (*destroy)(struct drm_plane *plane);</synopsis>
+             <para>
+               Destroy the plane when not needed anymore. See
+               <xref linkend="drm-kms-init"/>.
+             </para>
+           </listitem>
+         </itemizedlist>
+       </sect3>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Encoders (struct <structname>drm_encoder</structname>)</title>
+       <para>
+         An encoder takes pixel data from a CRTC and converts it to a format
+       suitable for any attached connectors. On some devices, it may be
+       possible to have a CRTC send data to more than one encoder. In that
+       case, both encoders would receive data from the same scanout buffer,
+       resulting in a "cloned" display configuration across the connectors
+       attached to each encoder.
+       </para>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Encoder Initialization</title>
+         <para>
+           As for CRTCs, a KMS driver must create, initialize and register at
+           least one struct <structname>drm_encoder</structname> instance. The
+           instance is allocated and zeroed by the driver, possibly as part of a
+           larger structure.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Drivers must initialize the struct <structname>drm_encoder</structname>
+           <structfield>possible_crtcs</structfield> and
+           <structfield>possible_clones</structfield> fields before registering the
+           encoder. Both fields are bitmasks of respectively the CRTCs that the
+           encoder can be connected to, and sibling encoders candidate for cloning.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           After being initialized, the encoder must be registered with a call to
+           <function>drm_encoder_init</function>. The function takes a pointer to
+           the encoder functions and an encoder type. Supported types are
+           <itemizedlist>
+             <listitem>
+               DRM_MODE_ENCODER_DAC for VGA and analog on DVI-I/DVI-A
+               </listitem>
+             <listitem>
+               DRM_MODE_ENCODER_TMDS for DVI, HDMI and (embedded) DisplayPort
+             </listitem>
+             <listitem>
+               DRM_MODE_ENCODER_LVDS for display panels
+             </listitem>
+             <listitem>
+               DRM_MODE_ENCODER_TVDAC for TV output (Composite, S-Video, Component,
+               SCART)
+             </listitem>
+             <listitem>
+               DRM_MODE_ENCODER_VIRTUAL for virtual machine displays
+             </listitem>
+           </itemizedlist>
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Encoders must be attached to a CRTC to be used. DRM drivers leave
+           encoders unattached at initialization time. Applications (or the fbdev
+           compatibility layer when implemented) are responsible for attaching the
+           encoders they want to use to a CRTC.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Encoder Operations</title>
+         <itemizedlist>
+           <listitem>
+             <synopsis>void (*destroy)(struct drm_encoder *encoder);</synopsis>
+             <para>
+               Called to destroy the encoder when not needed anymore. See
+               <xref linkend="drm-kms-init"/>.
+             </para>
+           </listitem>
+           <listitem>
+             <synopsis>void (*set_property)(struct drm_plane *plane,
+                      struct drm_property *property, uint64_t value);</synopsis>
+             <para>
+               Set the value of the given plane property to
+               <parameter>value</parameter>. See <xref linkend="drm-kms-properties"/>
+               for more information about properties.
+             </para>
+           </listitem>
+         </itemizedlist>
+       </sect3>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Connectors (struct <structname>drm_connector</structname>)</title>
+       <para>
+         A connector is the final destination for pixel data on a device, and
+       usually connects directly to an external display device like a monitor
+       or laptop panel. A connector can only be attached to one encoder at a
+       time. The connector is also the structure where information about the
+       attached display is kept, so it contains fields for display data, EDID
+       data, DPMS &amp; connection status, and information about modes
+       supported on the attached displays.
+       </para>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Connector Initialization</title>
+         <para>
+           Finally a KMS driver must create, initialize, register and attach at
+           least one struct <structname>drm_connector</structname> instance. The
+           instance is created as other KMS objects and initialized by setting the
+           following fields.
+         </para>
+         <variablelist>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term><structfield>interlace_allowed</structfield></term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Whether the connector can handle interlaced modes.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term><structfield>doublescan_allowed</structfield></term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Whether the connector can handle doublescan.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term><structfield>display_info
+             </structfield></term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Display information is filled from EDID information when a display
+               is detected. For non hot-pluggable displays such as flat panels in
+               embedded systems, the driver should initialize the
+               <structfield>display_info</structfield>.<structfield>width_mm</structfield>
+               and
+               <structfield>display_info</structfield>.<structfield>height_mm</structfield>
+               fields with the physical size of the display.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term id="drm-kms-connector-polled"><structfield>polled</structfield></term>
+             <listitem><para>
+               Connector polling mode, a combination of
+               <variablelist>
+                 <varlistentry>
+                   <term>DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_HPD</term>
+                   <listitem><para>
+                     The connector generates hotplug events and doesn't need to be
+                     periodically polled. The CONNECT and DISCONNECT flags must not
+                     be set together with the HPD flag.
+                   </para></listitem>
+                 </varlistentry>
+                 <varlistentry>
+                   <term>DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_CONNECT</term>
+                   <listitem><para>
+                     Periodically poll the connector for connection.
+                   </para></listitem>
+                 </varlistentry>
+                 <varlistentry>
+                   <term>DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_DISCONNECT</term>
+                   <listitem><para>
+                     Periodically poll the connector for disconnection.
+                   </para></listitem>
+                 </varlistentry>
+               </variablelist>
+               Set to 0 for connectors that don't support connection status
+               discovery.
+             </para></listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+         </variablelist>
+         <para>
+           The connector is then registered with a call to
+           <function>drm_connector_init</function> with a pointer to the connector
+           functions and a connector type, and exposed through sysfs with a call to
+           <function>drm_connector_register</function>.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Supported connector types are
+           <itemizedlist>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_VGA</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_DVII</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_DVID</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_DVIA</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_Composite</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_SVIDEO</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_LVDS</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_Component</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_9PinDIN</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_DisplayPort</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_HDMIA</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_HDMIB</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_TV</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_eDP</listitem>
+             <listitem>DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_VIRTUAL</listitem>
+           </itemizedlist>
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Connectors must be attached to an encoder to be used. For devices that
+           map connectors to encoders 1:1, the connector should be attached at
+           initialization time with a call to
+           <function>drm_mode_connector_attach_encoder</function>. The driver must
+           also set the <structname>drm_connector</structname>
+           <structfield>encoder</structfield> field to point to the attached
+           encoder.
+         </para>
+         <para>
+           Finally, drivers must initialize the connectors state change detection
+           with a call to <function>drm_kms_helper_poll_init</function>. If at
+           least one connector is pollable but can't generate hotplug interrupts
+           (indicated by the DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_CONNECT and
+           DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_DISCONNECT connector flags), a delayed work will
+           automatically be queued to periodically poll for changes. Connectors
+           that can generate hotplug interrupts must be marked with the
+           DRM_CONNECTOR_POLL_HPD flag instead, and their interrupt handler must
+           call <function>drm_helper_hpd_irq_event</function>. The function will
+           queue a delayed work to check the state of all connectors, but no
+           periodic polling will be done.
+         </para>
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+         <title>Connector Operations</title>
+         <note><para>
+           Unless otherwise state, all operations are mandatory.
+         </para></note>
+         <sect4>
+           <title>DPMS</title>
+           <synopsis>void (*dpms)(struct drm_connector *connector, int mode);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             The DPMS operation sets the power state of a connector. The mode
+             argument is one of
+             <itemizedlist>
+               <listitem><para>DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON</para></listitem>
+               <listitem><para>DRM_MODE_DPMS_STANDBY</para></listitem>
+               <listitem><para>DRM_MODE_DPMS_SUSPEND</para></listitem>
+               <listitem><para>DRM_MODE_DPMS_OFF</para></listitem>
+             </itemizedlist>
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             In all but DPMS_ON mode the encoder to which the connector is attached
+             should put the display in low-power mode by driving its signals
+             appropriately. If more than one connector is attached to the encoder
+             care should be taken not to change the power state of other displays as
+             a side effect. Low-power mode should be propagated to the encoders and
+             CRTCs when all related connectors are put in low-power mode.
+           </para>
+         </sect4>
+         <sect4>
+           <title>Modes</title>
+           <synopsis>int (*fill_modes)(struct drm_connector *connector, uint32_t max_width,
+                       uint32_t max_height);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Fill the mode list with all supported modes for the connector. If the
+             <parameter>max_width</parameter> and <parameter>max_height</parameter>
+             arguments are non-zero, the implementation must ignore all modes wider
+             than <parameter>max_width</parameter> or higher than
+             <parameter>max_height</parameter>.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             The connector must also fill in this operation its
+             <structfield>display_info</structfield>
+             <structfield>width_mm</structfield> and
+             <structfield>height_mm</structfield> fields with the connected display
+             physical size in millimeters. The fields should be set to 0 if the value
+             isn't known or is not applicable (for instance for projector devices).
+           </para>
+         </sect4>
+         <sect4>
+           <title>Connection Status</title>
+           <para>
+             The connection status is updated through polling or hotplug events when
+             supported (see <xref linkend="drm-kms-connector-polled"/>). The status
+             value is reported to userspace through ioctls and must not be used
+             inside the driver, as it only gets initialized by a call to
+             <function>drm_mode_getconnector</function> from userspace.
+           </para>
+           <synopsis>enum drm_connector_status (*detect)(struct drm_connector *connector,
+                                         bool force);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Check to see if anything is attached to the connector. The
+             <parameter>force</parameter> parameter is set to false whilst polling or
+             to true when checking the connector due to user request.
+             <parameter>force</parameter> can be used by the driver to avoid
+             expensive, destructive operations during automated probing.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             Return connector_status_connected if something is connected to the
+             connector, connector_status_disconnected if nothing is connected and
+             connector_status_unknown if the connection state isn't known.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             Drivers should only return connector_status_connected if the connection
+             status has really been probed as connected. Connectors that can't detect
+             the connection status, or failed connection status probes, should return
+             connector_status_unknown.
+           </para>
+         </sect4>
+         <sect4>
+           <title>Miscellaneous</title>
+           <itemizedlist>
+             <listitem>
+               <synopsis>void (*set_property)(struct drm_connector *connector,
+                      struct drm_property *property, uint64_t value);</synopsis>
+               <para>
+                 Set the value of the given connector property to
+                 <parameter>value</parameter>. See <xref linkend="drm-kms-properties"/>
+                 for more information about properties.
+               </para>
+             </listitem>
+             <listitem>
+               <synopsis>void (*destroy)(struct drm_connector *connector);</synopsis>
+               <para>
+                 Destroy the connector when not needed anymore. See
+                 <xref linkend="drm-kms-init"/>.
+               </para>
+             </listitem>
+           </itemizedlist>
+         </sect4>
+       </sect3>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Cleanup</title>
+       <para>
+         The DRM core manages its objects' lifetime. When an object is not needed
+       anymore the core calls its destroy function, which must clean up and
+       free every resource allocated for the object. Every
+       <function>drm_*_init</function> call must be matched with a
+       corresponding <function>drm_*_cleanup</function> call to cleanup CRTCs
+       (<function>drm_crtc_cleanup</function>), planes
+       (<function>drm_plane_cleanup</function>), encoders
+       (<function>drm_encoder_cleanup</function>) and connectors
+       (<function>drm_connector_cleanup</function>). Furthermore, connectors
+       that have been added to sysfs must be removed by a call to
+       <function>drm_connector_unregister</function> before calling
+       <function>drm_connector_cleanup</function>.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         Connectors state change detection must be cleanup up with a call to
+       <function>drm_kms_helper_poll_fini</function>.
+       </para>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Output discovery and initialization example</title>
+       <programlisting><![CDATA[
+ void intel_crt_init(struct drm_device *dev)
+ {
+       struct drm_connector *connector;
+       struct intel_output *intel_output;
+       intel_output = kzalloc(sizeof(struct intel_output), GFP_KERNEL);
+       if (!intel_output)
+               return;
+       connector = &intel_output->base;
+       drm_connector_init(dev, &intel_output->base,
+                          &intel_crt_connector_funcs, DRM_MODE_CONNECTOR_VGA);
+       drm_encoder_init(dev, &intel_output->enc, &intel_crt_enc_funcs,
+                        DRM_MODE_ENCODER_DAC);
+       drm_mode_connector_attach_encoder(&intel_output->base,
+                                         &intel_output->enc);
+       /* Set up the DDC bus. */
+       intel_output->ddc_bus = intel_i2c_create(dev, GPIOA, "CRTDDC_A");
+       if (!intel_output->ddc_bus) {
+               dev_printk(KERN_ERR, &dev->pdev->dev, "DDC bus registration "
+                          "failed.\n");
+               return;
+       }
+       intel_output->type = INTEL_OUTPUT_ANALOG;
+       connector->interlace_allowed = 0;
+       connector->doublescan_allowed = 0;
+       drm_encoder_helper_add(&intel_output->enc, &intel_crt_helper_funcs);
+       drm_connector_helper_add(connector, &intel_crt_connector_helper_funcs);
+       drm_connector_register(connector);
+ }]]></programlisting>
+       <para>
+         In the example above (taken from the i915 driver), a CRTC, connector and
+         encoder combination is created. A device-specific i2c bus is also
+         created for fetching EDID data and performing monitor detection. Once
+         the process is complete, the new connector is registered with sysfs to
+         make its properties available to applications.
+       </para>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>KMS API Functions</title>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_crtc.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>KMS Data Structures</title>
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_crtc.h
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>KMS Locking</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_modeset_lock.c kms locking
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_modeset_lock.h
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_modeset_lock.c
+     </sect2>
+   </sect1>
+   <!-- Internals: kms helper functions -->
+   <sect1>
+     <title>Mode Setting Helper Functions</title>
+     <para>
+       The plane, CRTC, encoder and connector functions provided by the drivers
+       implement the DRM API. They're called by the DRM core and ioctl handlers
+       to handle device state changes and configuration request. As implementing
+       those functions often requires logic not specific to drivers, mid-layer
+       helper functions are available to avoid duplicating boilerplate code.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       The DRM core contains one mid-layer implementation. The mid-layer provides
+       implementations of several plane, CRTC, encoder and connector functions
+       (called from the top of the mid-layer) that pre-process requests and call
+       lower-level functions provided by the driver (at the bottom of the
+       mid-layer). For instance, the
+       <function>drm_crtc_helper_set_config</function> function can be used to
+       fill the struct <structname>drm_crtc_funcs</structname>
+       <structfield>set_config</structfield> field. When called, it will split
+       the <methodname>set_config</methodname> operation in smaller, simpler
+       operations and call the driver to handle them.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       To use the mid-layer, drivers call <function>drm_crtc_helper_add</function>,
+       <function>drm_encoder_helper_add</function> and
+       <function>drm_connector_helper_add</function> functions to install their
+       mid-layer bottom operations handlers, and fill the
+       <structname>drm_crtc_funcs</structname>,
+       <structname>drm_encoder_funcs</structname> and
+       <structname>drm_connector_funcs</structname> structures with pointers to
+       the mid-layer top API functions. Installing the mid-layer bottom operation
+       handlers is best done right after registering the corresponding KMS object.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       The mid-layer is not split between CRTC, encoder and connector operations.
+       To use it, a driver must provide bottom functions for all of the three KMS
+       entities.
+     </para>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Helper Functions</title>
+       <itemizedlist>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>int drm_crtc_helper_set_config(struct drm_mode_set *set);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             The <function>drm_crtc_helper_set_config</function> helper function
+             is a CRTC <methodname>set_config</methodname> implementation. It
+             first tries to locate the best encoder for each connector by calling
+             the connector <methodname>best_encoder</methodname> helper
+             operation.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             After locating the appropriate encoders, the helper function will
+             call the <methodname>mode_fixup</methodname> encoder and CRTC helper
+             operations to adjust the requested mode, or reject it completely in
+             which case an error will be returned to the application. If the new
+             configuration after mode adjustment is identical to the current
+             configuration the helper function will return without performing any
+             other operation.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             If the adjusted mode is identical to the current mode but changes to
+             the frame buffer need to be applied, the
+             <function>drm_crtc_helper_set_config</function> function will call
+             the CRTC <methodname>mode_set_base</methodname> helper operation. If
+             the adjusted mode differs from the current mode, or if the
+             <methodname>mode_set_base</methodname> helper operation is not
+             provided, the helper function performs a full mode set sequence by
+             calling the <methodname>prepare</methodname>,
+             <methodname>mode_set</methodname> and
+             <methodname>commit</methodname> CRTC and encoder helper operations,
+             in that order.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>void drm_helper_connector_dpms(struct drm_connector *connector, int mode);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             The <function>drm_helper_connector_dpms</function> helper function
+             is a connector <methodname>dpms</methodname> implementation that
+             tracks power state of connectors. To use the function, drivers must
+             provide <methodname>dpms</methodname> helper operations for CRTCs
+             and encoders to apply the DPMS state to the device.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             The mid-layer doesn't track the power state of CRTCs and encoders.
+             The <methodname>dpms</methodname> helper operations can thus be
+             called with a mode identical to the currently active mode.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>int drm_helper_probe_single_connector_modes(struct drm_connector *connector,
+                                             uint32_t maxX, uint32_t maxY);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             The <function>drm_helper_probe_single_connector_modes</function> helper
+             function is a connector <methodname>fill_modes</methodname>
+             implementation that updates the connection status for the connector
+             and then retrieves a list of modes by calling the connector
+             <methodname>get_modes</methodname> helper operation.
+           </para>
+          <para>
+             If the helper operation returns no mode, and if the connector status
+             is connector_status_connected, standard VESA DMT modes up to
+             1024x768 are automatically added to the modes list by a call to
+             <function>drm_add_modes_noedid</function>.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             The function then filters out modes larger than
+             <parameter>max_width</parameter> and <parameter>max_height</parameter>
+             if specified. It finally calls the optional connector
+             <methodname>mode_valid</methodname> helper operation for each mode in
+             the probed list to check whether the mode is valid for the connector.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+       </itemizedlist>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>CRTC Helper Operations</title>
+       <itemizedlist>
+         <listitem id="drm-helper-crtc-mode-fixup">
+           <synopsis>bool (*mode_fixup)(struct drm_crtc *crtc,
+                        const struct drm_display_mode *mode,
+                        struct drm_display_mode *adjusted_mode);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Let CRTCs adjust the requested mode or reject it completely. This
+             operation returns true if the mode is accepted (possibly after being
+             adjusted) or false if it is rejected.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             The <methodname>mode_fixup</methodname> operation should reject the
+             mode if it can't reasonably use it. The definition of "reasonable"
+             is currently fuzzy in this context. One possible behaviour would be
+             to set the adjusted mode to the panel timings when a fixed-mode
+             panel is used with hardware capable of scaling. Another behaviour
+             would be to accept any input mode and adjust it to the closest mode
+             supported by the hardware (FIXME: This needs to be clarified).
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>int (*mode_set_base)(struct drm_crtc *crtc, int x, int y,
+                      struct drm_framebuffer *old_fb)</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Move the CRTC on the current frame buffer (stored in
+             <literal>crtc-&gt;fb</literal>) to position (x,y). Any of the frame
+             buffer, x position or y position may have been modified.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             This helper operation is optional. If not provided, the
+             <function>drm_crtc_helper_set_config</function> function will fall
+             back to the <methodname>mode_set</methodname> helper operation.
+           </para>
+           <note><para>
+             FIXME: Why are x and y passed as arguments, as they can be accessed
+             through <literal>crtc-&gt;x</literal> and
+             <literal>crtc-&gt;y</literal>?
+           </para></note>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>void (*prepare)(struct drm_crtc *crtc);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Prepare the CRTC for mode setting. This operation is called after
+             validating the requested mode. Drivers use it to perform
+             device-specific operations required before setting the new mode.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>int (*mode_set)(struct drm_crtc *crtc, struct drm_display_mode *mode,
+                 struct drm_display_mode *adjusted_mode, int x, int y,
+                 struct drm_framebuffer *old_fb);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Set a new mode, position and frame buffer. Depending on the device
+             requirements, the mode can be stored internally by the driver and
+             applied in the <methodname>commit</methodname> operation, or
+             programmed to the hardware immediately.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             The <methodname>mode_set</methodname> operation returns 0 on success
+           or a negative error code if an error occurs.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>void (*commit)(struct drm_crtc *crtc);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Commit a mode. This operation is called after setting the new mode.
+             Upon return the device must use the new mode and be fully
+             operational.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+       </itemizedlist>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Encoder Helper Operations</title>
+       <itemizedlist>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>bool (*mode_fixup)(struct drm_encoder *encoder,
+                        const struct drm_display_mode *mode,
+                        struct drm_display_mode *adjusted_mode);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Let encoders adjust the requested mode or reject it completely. This
+             operation returns true if the mode is accepted (possibly after being
+             adjusted) or false if it is rejected. See the
+             <link linkend="drm-helper-crtc-mode-fixup">mode_fixup CRTC helper
+             operation</link> for an explanation of the allowed adjustments.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>void (*prepare)(struct drm_encoder *encoder);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Prepare the encoder for mode setting. This operation is called after
+             validating the requested mode. Drivers use it to perform
+             device-specific operations required before setting the new mode.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>void (*mode_set)(struct drm_encoder *encoder,
+                  struct drm_display_mode *mode,
+                  struct drm_display_mode *adjusted_mode);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Set a new mode. Depending on the device requirements, the mode can
+             be stored internally by the driver and applied in the
+             <methodname>commit</methodname> operation, or programmed to the
+             hardware immediately.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>void (*commit)(struct drm_encoder *encoder);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Commit a mode. This operation is called after setting the new mode.
+             Upon return the device must use the new mode and be fully
+             operational.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+       </itemizedlist>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Connector Helper Operations</title>
+       <itemizedlist>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>struct drm_encoder *(*best_encoder)(struct drm_connector *connector);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Return a pointer to the best encoder for the connecter. Device that
+             map connectors to encoders 1:1 simply return the pointer to the
+             associated encoder. This operation is mandatory.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>int (*get_modes)(struct drm_connector *connector);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Fill the connector's <structfield>probed_modes</structfield> list
+             by parsing EDID data with <function>drm_add_edid_modes</function>,
+             adding standard VESA DMT modes with <function>drm_add_modes_noedid</function>,
+             or calling <function>drm_mode_probed_add</function> directly for every
+             supported mode and return the number of modes it has detected. This
+             operation is mandatory.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             Note that the caller function will automatically add standard VESA
+             DMT modes up to 1024x768 if the <methodname>get_modes</methodname>
+             helper operation returns no mode and if the connector status is
+             connector_status_connected. There is no need to call
+             <function>drm_add_edid_modes</function> manually in that case.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             When adding modes manually the driver creates each mode with a call to
+             <function>drm_mode_create</function> and must fill the following fields.
+             <itemizedlist>
+               <listitem>
+                 <synopsis>__u32 type;</synopsis>
+                 <para>
+                   Mode type bitmask, a combination of
+                   <variablelist>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_BUILTIN</term>
+                       <listitem><para>not used?</para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_CLOCK_C</term>
+                       <listitem><para>not used?</para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_CRTC_C</term>
+                       <listitem><para>not used?</para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>
+         DRM_MODE_TYPE_PREFERRED - The preferred mode for the connector
+                       </term>
+                       <listitem>
+                         <para>not used?</para>
+                       </listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_DEFAULT</term>
+                       <listitem><para>not used?</para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_USERDEF</term>
+                       <listitem><para>not used?</para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_TYPE_DRIVER</term>
+                       <listitem>
+                         <para>
+                           The mode has been created by the driver (as opposed to
+                           to user-created modes).
+                         </para>
+                       </listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                   </variablelist>
+                   Drivers must set the DRM_MODE_TYPE_DRIVER bit for all modes they
+                   create, and set the DRM_MODE_TYPE_PREFERRED bit for the preferred
+                   mode.
+                 </para>
+               </listitem>
+               <listitem>
+                 <synopsis>__u32 clock;</synopsis>
+                 <para>Pixel clock frequency in kHz unit</para>
+               </listitem>
+               <listitem>
+                 <synopsis>__u16 hdisplay, hsync_start, hsync_end, htotal;
+     __u16 vdisplay, vsync_start, vsync_end, vtotal;</synopsis>
+                 <para>Horizontal and vertical timing information</para>
+                 <screen><![CDATA[
+              Active                 Front           Sync           Back
+              Region                 Porch                          Porch
+     <-----------------------><----------------><-------------><-------------->
+       //////////////////////|
+      ////////////////////// |
+     //////////////////////  |..................               ................
+                                                _______________
+     <----- [hv]display ----->
+     <------------- [hv]sync_start ------------>
+     <--------------------- [hv]sync_end --------------------->
+     <-------------------------------- [hv]total ----------------------------->
+ ]]></screen>
+               </listitem>
+               <listitem>
+                 <synopsis>__u16 hskew;
+     __u16 vscan;</synopsis>
+                 <para>Unknown</para>
+               </listitem>
+               <listitem>
+                 <synopsis>__u32 flags;</synopsis>
+                 <para>
+                   Mode flags, a combination of
+                   <variablelist>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_PHSYNC</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         Horizontal sync is active high
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_NHSYNC</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         Horizontal sync is active low
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_PVSYNC</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         Vertical sync is active high
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_NVSYNC</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         Vertical sync is active low
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_INTERLACE</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         Mode is interlaced
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_DBLSCAN</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         Mode uses doublescan
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_CSYNC</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         Mode uses composite sync
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_PCSYNC</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         Composite sync is active high
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_NCSYNC</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         Composite sync is active low
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_HSKEW</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         hskew provided (not used?)
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_BCAST</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         not used?
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_PIXMUX</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         not used?
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_DBLCLK</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         not used?
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                     <varlistentry>
+                       <term>DRM_MODE_FLAG_CLKDIV2</term>
+                       <listitem><para>
+                         ?
+                       </para></listitem>
+                     </varlistentry>
+                   </variablelist>
+                 </para>
+                 <para>
+                   Note that modes marked with the INTERLACE or DBLSCAN flags will be
+                   filtered out by
+                   <function>drm_helper_probe_single_connector_modes</function> if
+                   the connector's <structfield>interlace_allowed</structfield> or
+                   <structfield>doublescan_allowed</structfield> field is set to 0.
+                 </para>
+               </listitem>
+               <listitem>
+                 <synopsis>char name[DRM_DISPLAY_MODE_LEN];</synopsis>
+                 <para>
+                   Mode name. The driver must call
+                   <function>drm_mode_set_name</function> to fill the mode name from
+                   <structfield>hdisplay</structfield>,
+                   <structfield>vdisplay</structfield> and interlace flag after
+                   filling the corresponding fields.
+                 </para>
+               </listitem>
+             </itemizedlist>
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             The <structfield>vrefresh</structfield> value is computed by
+             <function>drm_helper_probe_single_connector_modes</function>.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             When parsing EDID data, <function>drm_add_edid_modes</function> fills the
+             connector <structfield>display_info</structfield>
+             <structfield>width_mm</structfield> and
+             <structfield>height_mm</structfield> fields. When creating modes
+             manually the <methodname>get_modes</methodname> helper operation must
+             set the <structfield>display_info</structfield>
+             <structfield>width_mm</structfield> and
+             <structfield>height_mm</structfield> fields if they haven't been set
+             already (for instance at initialization time when a fixed-size panel is
+             attached to the connector). The mode <structfield>width_mm</structfield>
+             and <structfield>height_mm</structfield> fields are only used internally
+             during EDID parsing and should not be set when creating modes manually.
+           </para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>int (*mode_valid)(struct drm_connector *connector,
+                 struct drm_display_mode *mode);</synopsis>
+           <para>
+             Verify whether a mode is valid for the connector. Return MODE_OK for
+             supported modes and one of the enum drm_mode_status values (MODE_*)
+             for unsupported modes. This operation is optional.
+           </para>
+           <para>
+             As the mode rejection reason is currently not used beside for
+             immediately removing the unsupported mode, an implementation can
+             return MODE_BAD regardless of the exact reason why the mode is not
+             valid.
+           </para>
+           <note><para>
+             Note that the <methodname>mode_valid</methodname> helper operation is
+             only called for modes detected by the device, and
+             <emphasis>not</emphasis> for modes set by the user through the CRTC
+             <methodname>set_config</methodname> operation.
+           </para></note>
+         </listitem>
+       </itemizedlist>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Atomic Modeset Helper Functions Reference</title>
+       <sect3>
+       <title>Overview</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_atomic_helper.c overview
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+       <title>Implementing Asynchronous Atomic Commit</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_atomic_helper.c implementing async commit
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+       <title>Atomic State Reset and Initialization</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_atomic_helper.c atomic state reset and initialization
+       </sect3>
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_atomic_helper.h
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_atomic_helper.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Modeset Helper Functions Reference</title>
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_crtc_helper.h
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_crtc_helper.c
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_crtc_helper.c overview
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Output Probing Helper Functions Reference</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_probe_helper.c output probing helper overview
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_probe_helper.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>fbdev Helper Functions Reference</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_fb_helper.c fbdev helpers
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_fb_helper.c
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_fb_helper.h
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Display Port Helper Functions Reference</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_dp_helper.c dp helpers
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_dp_helper.h
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_dp_helper.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Display Port MST Helper Functions Reference</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_dp_mst_topology.c dp mst helper
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_dp_mst_helper.h
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_dp_mst_topology.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>MIPI DSI Helper Functions Reference</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_mipi_dsi.c dsi helpers
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_mipi_dsi.h
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_mipi_dsi.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>EDID Helper Functions Reference</title>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_edid.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Rectangle Utilities Reference</title>
+ !Pinclude/drm/drm_rect.h rect utils
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_rect.h
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_rect.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Flip-work Helper Reference</title>
+ !Pinclude/drm/drm_flip_work.h flip utils
+ !Iinclude/drm/drm_flip_work.h
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_flip_work.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>HDMI Infoframes Helper Reference</title>
+       <para>
+       Strictly speaking this is not a DRM helper library but generally useable
+       by any driver interfacing with HDMI outputs like v4l or alsa drivers.
+       But it nicely fits into the overall topic of mode setting helper
+       libraries and hence is also included here.
+       </para>
+ !Iinclude/linux/hdmi.h
+ !Edrivers/video/hdmi.c
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title id="drm-kms-planehelpers">Plane Helper Reference</title>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_plane_helper.c
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_plane_helper.c overview
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+         <title>Tile group</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_crtc.c Tile group
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Bridges</title>
+       <sect3>
+        <title>Overview</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_bridge.c overview
+       </sect3>
+       <sect3>
+        <title>Default bridge callback sequence</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/drm_bridge.c bridge callbacks
+       </sect3>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_bridge.c
+     </sect2>
+   </sect1>
+   <!-- Internals: kms properties -->
+   <sect1 id="drm-kms-properties">
+     <title>KMS Properties</title>
+     <para>
+       Drivers may need to expose additional parameters to applications than
+       those described in the previous sections. KMS supports attaching
+       properties to CRTCs, connectors and planes and offers a userspace API to
+       list, get and set the property values.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       Properties are identified by a name that uniquely defines the property
+       purpose, and store an associated value. For all property types except blob
+       properties the value is a 64-bit unsigned integer.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       KMS differentiates between properties and property instances. Drivers
+       first create properties and then create and associate individual instances
+       of those properties to objects. A property can be instantiated multiple
+       times and associated with different objects. Values are stored in property
+       instances, and all other property information are stored in the property
+       and shared between all instances of the property.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       Every property is created with a type that influences how the KMS core
+       handles the property. Supported property types are
+       <variablelist>
+         <varlistentry>
+           <term>DRM_MODE_PROP_RANGE</term>
+           <listitem><para>Range properties report their minimum and maximum
+             admissible values. The KMS core verifies that values set by
+             application fit in that range.</para></listitem>
+         </varlistentry>
+         <varlistentry>
+           <term>DRM_MODE_PROP_ENUM</term>
+           <listitem><para>Enumerated properties take a numerical value that
+             ranges from 0 to the number of enumerated values defined by the
+             property minus one, and associate a free-formed string name to each
+             value. Applications can retrieve the list of defined value-name pairs
+             and use the numerical value to get and set property instance values.
+             </para></listitem>
+         </varlistentry>
+         <varlistentry>
+           <term>DRM_MODE_PROP_BITMASK</term>
+           <listitem><para>Bitmask properties are enumeration properties that
+             additionally restrict all enumerated values to the 0..63 range.
+             Bitmask property instance values combine one or more of the
+             enumerated bits defined by the property.</para></listitem>
+         </varlistentry>
+         <varlistentry>
+           <term>DRM_MODE_PROP_BLOB</term>
+           <listitem><para>Blob properties store a binary blob without any format
+             restriction. The binary blobs are created as KMS standalone objects,
+             and blob property instance values store the ID of their associated
+             blob object.</para>
+           <para>Blob properties are only used for the connector EDID property
+           and cannot be created by drivers.</para></listitem>
+         </varlistentry>
+       </variablelist>
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       To create a property drivers call one of the following functions depending
+       on the property type. All property creation functions take property flags
+       and name, as well as type-specific arguments.
+       <itemizedlist>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>struct drm_property *drm_property_create_range(struct drm_device *dev, int flags,
+                                                const char *name,
+                                                uint64_t min, uint64_t max);</synopsis>
+           <para>Create a range property with the given minimum and maximum
+             values.</para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>struct drm_property *drm_property_create_enum(struct drm_device *dev, int flags,
+                                               const char *name,
+                                               const struct drm_prop_enum_list *props,
+                                               int num_values);</synopsis>
+           <para>Create an enumerated property. The <parameter>props</parameter>
+             argument points to an array of <parameter>num_values</parameter>
+             value-name pairs.</para>
+         </listitem>
+         <listitem>
+           <synopsis>struct drm_property *drm_property_create_bitmask(struct drm_device *dev,
+                                                  int flags, const char *name,
+                                                  const struct drm_prop_enum_list *props,
+                                                  int num_values);</synopsis>
+           <para>Create a bitmask property. The <parameter>props</parameter>
+             argument points to an array of <parameter>num_values</parameter>
+             value-name pairs.</para>
+         </listitem>
+       </itemizedlist>
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       Properties can additionally be created as immutable, in which case they
+       will be read-only for applications but can be modified by the driver. To
+       create an immutable property drivers must set the DRM_MODE_PROP_IMMUTABLE
+       flag at property creation time.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       When no array of value-name pairs is readily available at property
+       creation time for enumerated or range properties, drivers can create
+       the property using the <function>drm_property_create</function> function
+       and manually add enumeration value-name pairs by calling the
+       <function>drm_property_add_enum</function> function. Care must be taken to
+       properly specify the property type through the <parameter>flags</parameter>
+       argument.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       After creating properties drivers can attach property instances to CRTC,
+       connector and plane objects by calling the
+       <function>drm_object_attach_property</function>. The function takes a
+       pointer to the target object, a pointer to the previously created property
+       and an initial instance value.
+     </para>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Existing KMS Properties</title>
+       <para>
+       The following table gives description of drm properties exposed by various
+       modules/drivers.
+       </para>
+       <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
+       <tbody>
+       <tr style="font-weight: bold;">
+       <td valign="top" >Owner Module/Drivers</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Group</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Property Name</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Type</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Property Values</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Object attached</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Description/Restrictions</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="37" valign="top" >DRM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Generic</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“rotation”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >BITMASK</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ 0, "rotate-0" },
+       { 1, "rotate-90" },
+       { 2, "rotate-180" },
+       { 3, "rotate-270" },
+       { 4, "reflect-x" },
+       { 5, "reflect-y" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >CRTC, Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >rotate-(degrees) rotates the image by the specified amount in degrees
+       in counter clockwise direction. reflect-x and reflect-y reflects the
+       image along the specified axis prior to rotation</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="5" valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“EDID”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >BLOB | IMMUTABLE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >0</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Contains id of edid blob ptr object.</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“DPMS”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ “On”, “Standby”, “Suspend”, “Off” }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Contains DPMS operation mode value.</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“PATH”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >BLOB | IMMUTABLE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >0</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Contains topology path to a connector.</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“TILE”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >BLOB | IMMUTABLE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >0</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Contains tiling information for a connector.</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“CRTC_ID”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >OBJECT</td>
+       <td valign="top" >DRM_MODE_OBJECT_CRTC</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >CRTC that connector is attached to (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="11" valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“type”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM | IMMUTABLE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "Overlay", "Primary", "Cursor" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane type</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“SRC_X”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=UINT_MAX</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Scanout source x coordinate in 16.16 fixed point (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“SRC_Y”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=UINT_MAX</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Scanout source y coordinate in 16.16 fixed point (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“SRC_W”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=UINT_MAX</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Scanout source width in 16.16 fixed point (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“SRC_H”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=UINT_MAX</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Scanout source height in 16.16 fixed point (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“CRTC_X”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >SIGNED_RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=INT_MIN, Max=INT_MAX</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Scanout CRTC (destination) x coordinate (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“CRTC_Y”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >SIGNED_RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=INT_MIN, Max=INT_MAX</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Scanout CRTC (destination) y coordinate (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“CRTC_W”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=UINT_MAX</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Scanout CRTC (destination) width (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“CRTC_H”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=UINT_MAX</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Scanout CRTC (destination) height (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“FB_ID”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >OBJECT</td>
+       <td valign="top" >DRM_MODE_OBJECT_FB</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Scanout framebuffer (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“CRTC_ID”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >OBJECT</td>
+       <td valign="top" >DRM_MODE_OBJECT_CRTC</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >CRTC that plane is attached to (atomic)</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="2" valign="top" >DVI-I</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“subconnector”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ “Unknown”, “DVI-D”, “DVI-A” }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“select subconnector”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ “Automatic”, “DVI-D”, “DVI-A” }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="13" valign="top" >TV</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“subconnector”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "Unknown", "Composite", "SVIDEO", "Component", "SCART" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“select subconnector”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "Automatic", "Composite", "SVIDEO", "Component", "SCART" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“mode”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "NTSC_M", "NTSC_J", "NTSC_443", "PAL_B" } etc.</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“left margin”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“right margin”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“top margin”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“bottom margin”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“brightness”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“contrast”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“flicker reduction”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“overscan”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“saturation”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“hue”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="2" valign="top" >Virtual GPU</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“suggested X”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0xffffffff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >property to suggest an X offset for a connector</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“suggested Y”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0xffffffff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >property to suggest an Y offset for a connector</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="3" valign="top" >Optional</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“scaling mode”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "None", "Full", "Center", "Full aspect" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"aspect ratio"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "None", "4:3", "16:9" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >DRM property to set aspect ratio from user space app.
+               This enum is made generic to allow addition of custom aspect
+               ratios.</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“dirty”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM | IMMUTABLE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "Off", "On", "Annotate" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="20" valign="top" >i915</td>
+       <td rowspan="2" valign="top" >Generic</td>
+       <td valign="top" >"Broadcast RGB"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "Automatic", "Full", "Limited 16:235" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“audio”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "force-dvi", "off", "auto", "on" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="17" valign="top" >SDVO-TV</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“mode”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "NTSC_M", "NTSC_J", "NTSC_443", "PAL_B" } etc.</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"left_margin"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"right_margin"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"top_margin"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"bottom_margin"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“hpos”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“vpos”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“contrast”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“saturation”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“hue”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“sharpness”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“flicker_filter”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“flicker_filter_adaptive”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“flicker_filter_2d”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“tv_chroma_filter”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“tv_luma_filter”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“dot_crawl”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=1</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >SDVO-TV/LVDS</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“brightness”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="2" valign="top" >CDV gma-500</td>
+       <td rowspan="2" valign="top" >Generic</td>
+       <td valign="top" >"Broadcast RGB"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ “Full”, “Limited 16:235” }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"Broadcast RGB"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ “off”, “auto”, “on” }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="19" valign="top" >Poulsbo</td>
+       <td rowspan="1" valign="top" >Generic</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“backlight”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=100</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="17" valign="top" >SDVO-TV</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“mode”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "NTSC_M", "NTSC_J", "NTSC_443", "PAL_B" } etc.</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"left_margin"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"right_margin"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"top_margin"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"bottom_margin"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“hpos”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“vpos”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“contrast”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“saturation”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“hue”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“sharpness”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“flicker_filter”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“flicker_filter_adaptive”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“flicker_filter_2d”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“tv_chroma_filter”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“tv_luma_filter”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“dot_crawl”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=1</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >SDVO-TV/LVDS</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“brightness”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max= SDVO dependent</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="11" valign="top" >armada</td>
+       <td rowspan="2" valign="top" >CRTC</td>
+       <td valign="top" >"CSC_YUV"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "Auto" , "CCIR601", "CCIR709" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >CRTC</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"CSC_RGB"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "Auto", "Computer system", "Studio" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >CRTC</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="9" valign="top" >Overlay</td>
+       <td valign="top" >"colorkey"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0xffffff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"colorkey_min"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0xffffff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"colorkey_max"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0xffffff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"colorkey_val"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0xffffff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"colorkey_alpha"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0xffffff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"colorkey_mode"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "disabled", "Y component", "U component"
+       , "V component", "RGB", “R component", "G component", "B component" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"brightness"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=256 + 255</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"contrast"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0x7fff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"saturation"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0x7fff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="2" valign="top" >exynos</td>
+       <td valign="top" >CRTC</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“mode”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "normal", "blank" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >CRTC</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >Overlay</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“zpos”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=MAX_PLANE-1</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="2" valign="top" >i2c/ch7006_drv</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Generic</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“scale”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=2</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="1" valign="top" >TV</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“mode”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "PAL", "PAL-M","PAL-N"}, ”PAL-Nc"
+       , "PAL-60", "NTSC-M", "NTSC-J" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="15" valign="top" >nouveau</td>
+       <td rowspan="6" valign="top" >NV10 Overlay</td>
+       <td valign="top" >"colorkey"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0x01ffffff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“contrast”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=8192-1</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“brightness”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=1024</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“hue”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=359</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“saturation”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=8192-1</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“iturbt_709”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=1</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="2" valign="top" >Nv04 Overlay</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“colorkey”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0x01ffffff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“brightness”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=1024</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="7" valign="top" >Display</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“dithering mode”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "auto", "off", "on" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“dithering depth”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "auto", "off", "on", "static 2x2", "dynamic 2x2", "temporal" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“underscan”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "auto", "6 bpc", "8 bpc" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“underscan hborder”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=128</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“underscan vborder”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=128</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“vibrant hue”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=180</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >“color vibrance”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=200</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >omap</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Generic</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“zorder”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=3</td>
+       <td valign="top" >CRTC, Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >qxl</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Generic</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“hotplug_mode_update"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=1</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="9" valign="top" >radeon</td>
+       <td valign="top" >DVI-I</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“coherent”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=1</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >DAC enable load detect</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“load detection”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=1</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >TV Standard</td>
+       <td valign="top" >"tv standard"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "ntsc", "pal", "pal-m", "pal-60", "ntsc-j"
+       , "scart-pal", "pal-cn", "secam" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >legacy TMDS PLL detect</td>
+       <td valign="top" >"tmds_pll"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "driver", "bios" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >-</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="3" valign="top" >Underscan</td>
+       <td valign="top" >"underscan"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "off", "on", "auto" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"underscan hborder"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=128</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"underscan vborder"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=128</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >Audio</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“audio”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "off", "on", "auto" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >FMT Dithering</td>
+       <td valign="top" >“dither”</td>
+       <td valign="top" >ENUM</td>
+       <td valign="top" >{ "off", "on" }</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Connector</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td rowspan="3" valign="top" >rcar-du</td>
+       <td rowspan="3" valign="top" >Generic</td>
+       <td valign="top" >"alpha"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=255</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"colorkey"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=0, Max=0x01ffffff</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       <tr>
+       <td valign="top" >"zpos"</td>
+       <td valign="top" >RANGE</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Min=1, Max=7</td>
+       <td valign="top" >Plane</td>
+       <td valign="top" >TBD</td>
+       </tr>
+       </tbody>
+       </table>
+     </sect2>
+   </sect1>
+   <!-- Internals: vertical blanking -->
+   <sect1 id="drm-vertical-blank">
+     <title>Vertical Blanking</title>
+     <para>
+       Vertical blanking plays a major role in graphics rendering. To achieve
+       tear-free display, users must synchronize page flips and/or rendering to
+       vertical blanking. The DRM API offers ioctls to perform page flips
+       synchronized to vertical blanking and wait for vertical blanking.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       The DRM core handles most of the vertical blanking management logic, which
+       involves filtering out spurious interrupts, keeping race-free blanking
+       counters, coping with counter wrap-around and resets and keeping use
+       counts. It relies on the driver to generate vertical blanking interrupts
+       and optionally provide a hardware vertical blanking counter. Drivers must
+       implement the following operations.
+     </para>
+     <itemizedlist>
+       <listitem>
+         <synopsis>int (*enable_vblank) (struct drm_device *dev, int crtc);
+ void (*disable_vblank) (struct drm_device *dev, int crtc);</synopsis>
+         <para>
+         Enable or disable vertical blanking interrupts for the given CRTC.
+       </para>
+       </listitem>
+       <listitem>
+         <synopsis>u32 (*get_vblank_counter) (struct drm_device *dev, int crtc);</synopsis>
+         <para>
+         Retrieve the value of the vertical blanking counter for the given
+         CRTC. If the hardware maintains a vertical blanking counter its value
+         should be returned. Otherwise drivers can use the
+         <function>drm_vblank_count</function> helper function to handle this
+         operation.
+       </para>
+       </listitem>
+     </itemizedlist>
+     <para>
+       Drivers must initialize the vertical blanking handling core with a call to
+       <function>drm_vblank_init</function> in their
+       <methodname>load</methodname> operation. The function will set the struct
+       <structname>drm_device</structname>
+       <structfield>vblank_disable_allowed</structfield> field to 0. This will
+       keep vertical blanking interrupts enabled permanently until the first mode
+       set operation, where <structfield>vblank_disable_allowed</structfield> is
+       set to 1. The reason behind this is not clear. Drivers can set the field
+       to 1 after <function>calling drm_vblank_init</function> to make vertical
+       blanking interrupts dynamically managed from the beginning.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       Vertical blanking interrupts can be enabled by the DRM core or by drivers
+       themselves (for instance to handle page flipping operations). The DRM core
+       maintains a vertical blanking use count to ensure that the interrupts are
+       not disabled while a user still needs them. To increment the use count,
+       drivers call <function>drm_vblank_get</function>. Upon return vertical
+       blanking interrupts are guaranteed to be enabled.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       To decrement the use count drivers call
+       <function>drm_vblank_put</function>. Only when the use count drops to zero
+       will the DRM core disable the vertical blanking interrupts after a delay
+       by scheduling a timer. The delay is accessible through the vblankoffdelay
+       module parameter or the <varname>drm_vblank_offdelay</varname> global
+       variable and expressed in milliseconds. Its default value is 5000 ms.
+       Zero means never disable, and a negative value means disable immediately.
+       Drivers may override the behaviour by setting the
+       <structname>drm_device</structname>
+       <structfield>vblank_disable_immediate</structfield> flag, which when set
+       causes vblank interrupts to be disabled immediately regardless of the
+       drm_vblank_offdelay value. The flag should only be set if there's a
+       properly working hardware vblank counter present.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       When a vertical blanking interrupt occurs drivers only need to call the
+       <function>drm_handle_vblank</function> function to account for the
+       interrupt.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       Resources allocated by <function>drm_vblank_init</function> must be freed
+       with a call to <function>drm_vblank_cleanup</function> in the driver
+       <methodname>unload</methodname> operation handler.
+     </para>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Vertical Blanking and Interrupt Handling Functions Reference</title>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_irq.c
+ !Finclude/drm/drmP.h drm_crtc_vblank_waitqueue
+     </sect2>
+   </sect1>
+   <!-- Internals: open/close, file operations and ioctls -->
+   <sect1>
+     <title>Open/Close, File Operations and IOCTLs</title>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Open and Close</title>
+       <synopsis>int (*firstopen) (struct drm_device *);
+ void (*lastclose) (struct drm_device *);
+ int (*open) (struct drm_device *, struct drm_file *);
+ void (*preclose) (struct drm_device *, struct drm_file *);
+ void (*postclose) (struct drm_device *, struct drm_file *);</synopsis>
+       <abstract>Open and close handlers. None of those methods are mandatory.
+       </abstract>
+       <para>
+         The <methodname>firstopen</methodname> method is called by the DRM core
+       for legacy UMS (User Mode Setting) drivers only when an application
+       opens a device that has no other opened file handle. UMS drivers can
+       implement it to acquire device resources. KMS drivers can't use the
+       method and must acquire resources in the <methodname>load</methodname>
+       method instead.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+       Similarly the <methodname>lastclose</methodname> method is called when
+       the last application holding a file handle opened on the device closes
+       it, for both UMS and KMS drivers. Additionally, the method is also
+       called at module unload time or, for hot-pluggable devices, when the
+       device is unplugged. The <methodname>firstopen</methodname> and
+       <methodname>lastclose</methodname> calls can thus be unbalanced.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         The <methodname>open</methodname> method is called every time the device
+       is opened by an application. Drivers can allocate per-file private data
+       in this method and store them in the struct
+       <structname>drm_file</structname> <structfield>driver_priv</structfield>
+       field. Note that the <methodname>open</methodname> method is called
+       before <methodname>firstopen</methodname>.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         The close operation is split into <methodname>preclose</methodname> and
+       <methodname>postclose</methodname> methods. Drivers must stop and
+       cleanup all per-file operations in the <methodname>preclose</methodname>
+       method. For instance pending vertical blanking and page flip events must
+       be cancelled. No per-file operation is allowed on the file handle after
+       returning from the <methodname>preclose</methodname> method.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         Finally the <methodname>postclose</methodname> method is called as the
+       last step of the close operation, right before calling the
+       <methodname>lastclose</methodname> method if no other open file handle
+       exists for the device. Drivers that have allocated per-file private data
+       in the <methodname>open</methodname> method should free it here.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         The <methodname>lastclose</methodname> method should restore CRTC and
+       plane properties to default value, so that a subsequent open of the
+       device will not inherit state from the previous user. It can also be
+       used to execute delayed power switching state changes, e.g. in
+       conjunction with the vga_switcheroo infrastructure (see
+       <xref linkend="vga_switcheroo"/>). Beyond that KMS drivers should not
+       do any further cleanup. Only legacy UMS drivers might need to clean up
+       device state so that the vga console or an independent fbdev driver
+       could take over.
+       </para>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>File Operations</title>
+       <synopsis>const struct file_operations *fops</synopsis>
+       <abstract>File operations for the DRM device node.</abstract>
+       <para>
+         Drivers must define the file operations structure that forms the DRM
+       userspace API entry point, even though most of those operations are
+       implemented in the DRM core. The <methodname>open</methodname>,
+       <methodname>release</methodname> and <methodname>ioctl</methodname>
+       operations are handled by
+       <programlisting>
+       .owner = THIS_MODULE,
+       .open = drm_open,
+       .release = drm_release,
+       .unlocked_ioctl = drm_ioctl,
+   #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
+       .compat_ioctl = drm_compat_ioctl,
+   #endif
+         </programlisting>
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         Drivers that implement private ioctls that requires 32/64bit
+       compatibility support must provide their own
+       <methodname>compat_ioctl</methodname> handler that processes private
+       ioctls and calls <function>drm_compat_ioctl</function> for core ioctls.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         The <methodname>read</methodname> and <methodname>poll</methodname>
+       operations provide support for reading DRM events and polling them. They
+       are implemented by
+       <programlisting>
+       .poll = drm_poll,
+       .read = drm_read,
+       .llseek = no_llseek,
+       </programlisting>
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         The memory mapping implementation varies depending on how the driver
+       manages memory. Pre-GEM drivers will use <function>drm_mmap</function>,
+       while GEM-aware drivers will use <function>drm_gem_mmap</function>. See
+       <xref linkend="drm-gem"/>.
+       <programlisting>
+       .mmap = drm_gem_mmap,
+       </programlisting>
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         No other file operation is supported by the DRM API.
+       </para>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>IOCTLs</title>
+       <synopsis>struct drm_ioctl_desc *ioctls;
+ int num_ioctls;</synopsis>
+       <abstract>Driver-specific ioctls descriptors table.</abstract>
+       <para>
+         Driver-specific ioctls numbers start at DRM_COMMAND_BASE. The ioctls
+       descriptors table is indexed by the ioctl number offset from the base
+       value. Drivers can use the DRM_IOCTL_DEF_DRV() macro to initialize the
+       table entries.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         <programlisting>DRM_IOCTL_DEF_DRV(ioctl, func, flags)</programlisting>
+       <para>
+         <parameter>ioctl</parameter> is the ioctl name. Drivers must define
+         the DRM_##ioctl and DRM_IOCTL_##ioctl macros to the ioctl number
+         offset from DRM_COMMAND_BASE and the ioctl number respectively. The
+         first macro is private to the device while the second must be exposed
+         to userspace in a public header.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         <parameter>func</parameter> is a pointer to the ioctl handler function
+         compatible with the <type>drm_ioctl_t</type> type.
+         <programlisting>typedef int drm_ioctl_t(struct drm_device *dev, void *data,
+               struct drm_file *file_priv);</programlisting>
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         <parameter>flags</parameter> is a bitmask combination of the following
+         values. It restricts how the ioctl is allowed to be called.
+         <itemizedlist>
+           <listitem><para>
+             DRM_AUTH - Only authenticated callers allowed
+           </para></listitem>
+           <listitem><para>
+             DRM_MASTER - The ioctl can only be called on the master file
+             handle
+           </para></listitem>
+             <listitem><para>
+             DRM_ROOT_ONLY - Only callers with the SYSADMIN capability allowed
+           </para></listitem>
+             <listitem><para>
+             DRM_CONTROL_ALLOW - The ioctl can only be called on a control
+             device
+           </para></listitem>
+             <listitem><para>
+             DRM_UNLOCKED - The ioctl handler will be called without locking
+             the DRM global mutex. This is the enforced default for kms drivers
+             (i.e. using the DRIVER_MODESET flag) and hence shouldn't be used
+             any more for new drivers.
+           </para></listitem>
+         </itemizedlist>
+       </para>
+       </para>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/drm/drm_ioctl.c
+     </sect2>
+   </sect1>
+   <sect1>
+     <title>Legacy Support Code</title>
+     <para>
+       The section very briefly covers some of the old legacy support code which
+       is only used by old DRM drivers which have done a so-called shadow-attach
+       to the underlying device instead of registering as a real driver. This
+       also includes some of the old generic buffer management and command
+       submission code. Do not use any of this in new and modern drivers.
+     </para>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Legacy Suspend/Resume</title>
+       <para>
+       The DRM core provides some suspend/resume code, but drivers wanting full
+       suspend/resume support should provide save() and restore() functions.
+       These are called at suspend, hibernate, or resume time, and should perform
+       any state save or restore required by your device across suspend or
+       hibernate states.
+       </para>
+       <synopsis>int (*suspend) (struct drm_device *, pm_message_t state);
+   int (*resume) (struct drm_device *);</synopsis>
+       <para>
+       Those are legacy suspend and resume methods which
+       <emphasis>only</emphasis> work with the legacy shadow-attach driver
+       registration functions. New driver should use the power management
+       interface provided by their bus type (usually through
+       the struct <structname>device_driver</structname> dev_pm_ops) and set
+       these methods to NULL.
+       </para>
+     </sect2>
+     <sect2>
+       <title>Legacy DMA Services</title>
+       <para>
+       This should cover how DMA mapping etc. is supported by the core.
+       These functions are deprecated and should not be used.
+       </para>
+     </sect2>
+   </sect1>
+   </chapter>
+ <!-- TODO
+ - Add a glossary
+ - Document the struct_mutex catch-all lock
+ - Document connector properties
+ - Why is the load method optional?
+ - What are drivers supposed to set the initial display state to, and how?
+   Connector's DPMS states are not initialized and are thus equal to
+   DRM_MODE_DPMS_ON. The fbcon compatibility layer calls
+   drm_helper_disable_unused_functions(), which disables unused encoders and
+   CRTCs, but doesn't touch the connectors' DPMS state, and
+   drm_helper_connector_dpms() in reaction to fbdev blanking events. Do drivers
+   that don't implement (or just don't use) fbcon compatibility need to call
+   those functions themselves?
+ - KMS drivers must call drm_vblank_pre_modeset() and drm_vblank_post_modeset()
+   around mode setting. Should this be done in the DRM core?
+ - vblank_disable_allowed is set to 1 in the first drm_vblank_post_modeset()
+   call and never set back to 0. It seems to be safe to permanently set it to 1
+   in drm_vblank_init() for KMS driver, and it might be safe for UMS drivers as
+   well. This should be investigated.
+ - crtc and connector .save and .restore operations are only used internally in
+   drivers, should they be removed from the core?
+ - encoder mid-layer .save and .restore operations are only used internally in
+   drivers, should they be removed from the core?
+ - encoder mid-layer .detect operation is only used internally in drivers,
+   should it be removed from the core?
+ -->
+   <!-- External interfaces -->
+   <chapter id="drmExternals">
+     <title>Userland interfaces</title>
+     <para>
+       The DRM core exports several interfaces to applications,
+       generally intended to be used through corresponding libdrm
+       wrapper functions.  In addition, drivers export device-specific
+       interfaces for use by userspace drivers &amp; device-aware
+       applications through ioctls and sysfs files.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       External interfaces include: memory mapping, context management,
+       DMA operations, AGP management, vblank control, fence
+       management, memory management, and output management.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       Cover generic ioctls and sysfs layout here.  We only need high-level
+       info, since man pages should cover the rest.
+     </para>
+   <!-- External: render nodes -->
+     <sect1>
+       <title>Render nodes</title>
+       <para>
+         DRM core provides multiple character-devices for user-space to use.
+         Depending on which device is opened, user-space can perform a different
+         set of operations (mainly ioctls). The primary node is always created
+         and called card&lt;num&gt;. Additionally, a currently
+         unused control node, called controlD&lt;num&gt; is also
+         created. The primary node provides all legacy operations and
+         historically was the only interface used by userspace. With KMS, the
+         control node was introduced. However, the planned KMS control interface
+         has never been written and so the control node stays unused to date.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         With the increased use of offscreen renderers and GPGPU applications,
+         clients no longer require running compositors or graphics servers to
+         make use of a GPU. But the DRM API required unprivileged clients to
+         authenticate to a DRM-Master prior to getting GPU access. To avoid this
+         step and to grant clients GPU access without authenticating, render
+         nodes were introduced. Render nodes solely serve render clients, that
+         is, no modesetting or privileged ioctls can be issued on render nodes.
+         Only non-global rendering commands are allowed. If a driver supports
+         render nodes, it must advertise it via the DRIVER_RENDER
+         DRM driver capability. If not supported, the primary node must be used
+         for render clients together with the legacy drmAuth authentication
+         procedure.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         If a driver advertises render node support, DRM core will create a
+         separate render node called renderD&lt;num&gt;. There will
+         be one render node per device. No ioctls except  PRIME-related ioctls
+         will be allowed on this node. Especially GEM_OPEN will be
+         explicitly prohibited. Render nodes are designed to avoid the
+         buffer-leaks, which occur if clients guess the flink names or mmap
+         offsets on the legacy interface. Additionally to this basic interface,
+         drivers must mark their driver-dependent render-only ioctls as
+         DRM_RENDER_ALLOW so render clients can use them. Driver
+         authors must be careful not to allow any privileged ioctls on render
+         nodes.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         With render nodes, user-space can now control access to the render node
+         via basic file-system access-modes. A running graphics server which
+         authenticates clients on the privileged primary/legacy node is no longer
+         required. Instead, a client can open the render node and is immediately
+         granted GPU access. Communication between clients (or servers) is done
+         via PRIME. FLINK from render node to legacy node is not supported. New
+         clients must not use the insecure FLINK interface.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+         Besides dropping all modeset/global ioctls, render nodes also drop the
+         DRM-Master concept. There is no reason to associate render clients with
+         a DRM-Master as they are independent of any graphics server. Besides,
+         they must work without any running master, anyway.
+         Drivers must be able to run without a master object if they support
+         render nodes. If, on the other hand, a driver requires shared state
+         between clients which is visible to user-space and accessible beyond
+         open-file boundaries, they cannot support render nodes.
+       </para>
+     </sect1>
+   <!-- External: vblank handling -->
+     <sect1>
+       <title>VBlank event handling</title>
+       <para>
+         The DRM core exposes two vertical blank related ioctls:
+         <variablelist>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRM_IOCTL_WAIT_VBLANK</term>
+             <listitem>
+               <para>
+                 This takes a struct drm_wait_vblank structure as its argument,
+                 and it is used to block or request a signal when a specified
+                 vblank event occurs.
+               </para>
+             </listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+           <varlistentry>
+             <term>DRM_IOCTL_MODESET_CTL</term>
+             <listitem>
+               <para>
+               This was only used for user-mode-settind drivers around
+               modesetting changes to allow the kernel to update the vblank
+               interrupt after mode setting, since on many devices the vertical
+               blank counter is reset to 0 at some point during modeset. Modern
+               drivers should not call this any more since with kernel mode
+               setting it is a no-op.
+               </para>
+             </listitem>
+           </varlistentry>
+         </variablelist>
+       </para>
+     </sect1>
+   </chapter>
+ </part>
+ <part id="drmDrivers">
+   <title>DRM Drivers</title>
+   <partintro>
+     <para>
+       This second part of the GPU Driver Developer's Guide documents driver
+       code, implementation details and also all the driver-specific userspace
+       interfaces. Especially since all hardware-acceleration interfaces to
+       userspace are driver specific for efficiency and other reasons these
+       interfaces can be rather substantial. Hence every driver has its own
+       chapter.
+     </para>
+   </partintro>
+   <chapter id="drmI915">
+     <title>drm/i915 Intel GFX Driver</title>
+     <para>
+       The drm/i915 driver supports all (with the exception of some very early
+       models) integrated GFX chipsets with both Intel display and rendering
+       blocks. This excludes a set of SoC platforms with an SGX rendering unit,
+       those have basic support through the gma500 drm driver.
+     </para>
+     <sect1>
+       <title>Core Driver Infrastructure</title>
+       <para>
+       This section covers core driver infrastructure used by both the display
+       and the GEM parts of the driver.
+       </para>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Runtime Power Management</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_runtime_pm.c runtime pm
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_runtime_pm.c
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_uncore.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Interrupt Handling</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_irq.c interrupt handling
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_irq.c intel_irq_init intel_irq_init_hw intel_hpd_init
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_irq.c intel_runtime_pm_disable_interrupts
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_irq.c intel_runtime_pm_enable_interrupts
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Intel GVT-g Guest Support(vGPU)</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_vgpu.c Intel GVT-g guest support
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_vgpu.c
+       </sect2>
+     </sect1>
+     <sect1>
+       <title>Display Hardware Handling</title>
+       <para>
+         This section covers everything related to the display hardware including
+         the mode setting infrastructure, plane, sprite and cursor handling and
+         display, output probing and related topics.
+       </para>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Mode Setting Infrastructure</title>
+         <para>
+           The i915 driver is thus far the only DRM driver which doesn't use the
+           common DRM helper code to implement mode setting sequences. Thus it
+           has its own tailor-made infrastructure for executing a display
+           configuration change.
+         </para>
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Frontbuffer Tracking</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_frontbuffer.c frontbuffer tracking
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_frontbuffer.c
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem.c i915_gem_track_fb
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Display FIFO Underrun Reporting</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_fifo_underrun.c fifo underrun handling
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_fifo_underrun.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Plane Configuration</title>
+         <para>
+         This section covers plane configuration and composition with the
+         primary plane, sprites, cursors and overlays. This includes the
+         infrastructure to do atomic vsync'ed updates of all this state and
+         also tightly coupled topics like watermark setup and computation,
+         framebuffer compression and panel self refresh.
+         </para>
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Atomic Plane Helpers</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_atomic_plane.c atomic plane helpers
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_atomic_plane.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Output Probing</title>
+         <para>
+         This section covers output probing and related infrastructure like the
+         hotplug interrupt storm detection and mitigation code. Note that the
+         i915 driver still uses most of the common DRM helper code for output
+         probing, so those sections fully apply.
+         </para>
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Hotplug</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_hotplug.c Hotplug
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_hotplug.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+       <title>High Definition Audio</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_audio.c High Definition Audio over HDMI and Display Port
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_audio.c
+ !Iinclude/drm/i915_component.h
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+       <title>Panel Self Refresh PSR (PSR/SRD)</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_psr.c Panel Self Refresh (PSR/SRD)
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_psr.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+       <title>Frame Buffer Compression (FBC)</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_fbc.c Frame Buffer Compression (FBC)
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_fbc.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Display Refresh Rate Switching (DRRS)</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_dp.c Display Refresh Rate Switching (DRRS)
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_dp.c intel_dp_set_drrs_state
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_dp.c intel_edp_drrs_enable
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_dp.c intel_edp_drrs_disable
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_dp.c intel_edp_drrs_invalidate
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_dp.c intel_edp_drrs_flush
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_dp.c intel_dp_drrs_init
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>DPIO</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_reg.h DPIO
+       <table id="dpiox2">
+         <title>Dual channel PHY (VLV/CHV/BXT)</title>
+         <tgroup cols="8">
+           <colspec colname="c0" />
+           <colspec colname="c1" />
+           <colspec colname="c2" />
+           <colspec colname="c3" />
+           <colspec colname="c4" />
+           <colspec colname="c5" />
+           <colspec colname="c6" />
+           <colspec colname="c7" />
+           <spanspec spanname="ch0" namest="c0" nameend="c3" />
+           <spanspec spanname="ch1" namest="c4" nameend="c7" />
+           <spanspec spanname="ch0pcs01" namest="c0" nameend="c1" />
+           <spanspec spanname="ch0pcs23" namest="c2" nameend="c3" />
+           <spanspec spanname="ch1pcs01" namest="c4" nameend="c5" />
+           <spanspec spanname="ch1pcs23" namest="c6" nameend="c7" />
+           <thead>
+             <row>
+               <entry spanname="ch0">CH0</entry>
+               <entry spanname="ch1">CH1</entry>
+             </row>
+           </thead>
+           <tbody valign="top" align="center">
+             <row>
+               <entry spanname="ch0">CMN/PLL/REF</entry>
+               <entry spanname="ch1">CMN/PLL/REF</entry>
+             </row>
+             <row>
+               <entry spanname="ch0pcs01">PCS01</entry>
+               <entry spanname="ch0pcs23">PCS23</entry>
+               <entry spanname="ch1pcs01">PCS01</entry>
+               <entry spanname="ch1pcs23">PCS23</entry>
+             </row>
+             <row>
+               <entry>TX0</entry>
+               <entry>TX1</entry>
+               <entry>TX2</entry>
+               <entry>TX3</entry>
+               <entry>TX0</entry>
+               <entry>TX1</entry>
+               <entry>TX2</entry>
+               <entry>TX3</entry>
+             </row>
+             <row>
+               <entry spanname="ch0">DDI0</entry>
+               <entry spanname="ch1">DDI1</entry>
+             </row>
+           </tbody>
+         </tgroup>
+       </table>
+       <table id="dpiox1">
+         <title>Single channel PHY (CHV/BXT)</title>
+         <tgroup cols="4">
+           <colspec colname="c0" />
+           <colspec colname="c1" />
+           <colspec colname="c2" />
+           <colspec colname="c3" />
+           <spanspec spanname="ch0" namest="c0" nameend="c3" />
+           <spanspec spanname="ch0pcs01" namest="c0" nameend="c1" />
+           <spanspec spanname="ch0pcs23" namest="c2" nameend="c3" />
+           <thead>
+             <row>
+               <entry spanname="ch0">CH0</entry>
+             </row>
+           </thead>
+           <tbody valign="top" align="center">
+             <row>
+               <entry spanname="ch0">CMN/PLL/REF</entry>
+             </row>
+             <row>
+               <entry spanname="ch0pcs01">PCS01</entry>
+               <entry spanname="ch0pcs23">PCS23</entry>
+             </row>
+             <row>
+               <entry>TX0</entry>
+               <entry>TX1</entry>
+               <entry>TX2</entry>
+               <entry>TX3</entry>
+             </row>
+             <row>
+               <entry spanname="ch0">DDI2</entry>
+             </row>
+           </tbody>
+         </tgroup>
+       </table>
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+        <title>CSR firmware support for DMC</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_csr.c csr support for dmc
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_csr.c
+       </sect2>
+     </sect1>
+     <sect1>
+       <title>Memory Management and Command Submission</title>
+       <para>
+       This sections covers all things related to the GEM implementation in the
+       i915 driver.
+       </para>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Batchbuffer Parsing</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_cmd_parser.c batch buffer command parser
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_cmd_parser.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Batchbuffer Pools</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_batch_pool.c batch pool
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_batch_pool.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Logical Rings, Logical Ring Contexts and Execlists</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_lrc.c Logical Rings, Logical Ring Contexts and Execlists
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_lrc.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Global GTT views</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_gtt.c Global GTT views
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_gtt.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>GTT Fences and Swizzling</title>
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_fence.c
+         <sect3>
+           <title>Global GTT Fence Handling</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_fence.c fence register handling
+         </sect3>
+         <sect3>
+           <title>Hardware Tiling and Swizzling Details</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_fence.c tiling swizzling details
+         </sect3>
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Object Tiling IOCTLs</title>
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_tiling.c
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_tiling.c buffer object tiling
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Buffer Object Eviction</title>
+       <para>
+         This section documents the interface functions for evicting buffer
+         objects to make space available in the virtual gpu address spaces.
+         Note that this is mostly orthogonal to shrinking buffer objects
+         caches, which has the goal to make main memory (shared with the gpu
+         through the unified memory architecture) available.
+       </para>
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_evict.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title>Buffer Object Memory Shrinking</title>
+       <para>
+         This section documents the interface function for shrinking memory
+         usage of buffer object caches. Shrinking is used to make main memory
+         available.  Note that this is mostly orthogonal to evicting buffer
+         objects, which has the goal to make space in gpu virtual address
+         spaces.
+       </para>
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_shrinker.c
+       </sect2>
+     </sect1>
+     <sect1>
 -        <title>GuC</title>
++      <title>GuC</title>
+       <sect2>
 -        <title>GuC Client</title>
 -!Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_guc_submission.c GuC-based command submissison
++        <title>GuC-specific firmware loader</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_guc_loader.c GuC-specific firmware loader
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_guc_loader.c
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
++        <title>GuC-based command submission</title>
++!Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_guc_submission.c GuC-based command submission
+ !Idrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_guc_submission.c
+       </sect2>
++      <sect2>
++        <title>GuC Firmware Layout</title>
++!Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_guc_fwif.h GuC Firmware Layout
++      </sect2>
+     </sect1>
+     <sect1>
+       <title> Tracing </title>
+       <para>
+     This sections covers all things related to the tracepoints implemented in
+     the i915 driver.
+       </para>
+       <sect2>
+         <title> i915_ppgtt_create and i915_ppgtt_release </title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_trace.h i915_ppgtt_create and i915_ppgtt_release tracepoints
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title> i915_context_create and i915_context_free </title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_trace.h i915_context_create and i915_context_free tracepoints
+       </sect2>
+       <sect2>
+         <title> switch_mm </title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_trace.h switch_mm tracepoint
+       </sect2>
+     </sect1>
+   </chapter>
+ !Cdrivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_irq.c
+ </part>
+ <part id="vga_switcheroo">
+   <title>vga_switcheroo</title>
+   <partintro>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/vga/vga_switcheroo.c Overview
+   </partintro>
+   <chapter id="modes_of_use">
+     <title>Modes of Use</title>
+   <sect1>
+     <title>Manual switching and manual power control</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/vga/vga_switcheroo.c Manual switching and manual power control
+   </sect1>
+   <sect1>
+     <title>Driver power control</title>
+ !Pdrivers/gpu/vga/vga_switcheroo.c Driver power control
+   </sect1>
+   </chapter>
+   <chapter id="pubfunctions">
+     <title>Public functions</title>
+ !Edrivers/gpu/vga/vga_switcheroo.c
+   </chapter>
+   <chapter id="pubstructures">
+     <title>Public structures</title>
+ !Finclude/linux/vga_switcheroo.h vga_switcheroo_handler
+ !Finclude/linux/vga_switcheroo.h vga_switcheroo_client_ops
+   </chapter>
+   <chapter id="pubconstants">
+     <title>Public constants</title>
+ !Finclude/linux/vga_switcheroo.h vga_switcheroo_client_id
+ !Finclude/linux/vga_switcheroo.h vga_switcheroo_state
+   </chapter>
+   <chapter id="privstructures">
+     <title>Private structures</title>
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/vga/vga_switcheroo.c vgasr_priv
+ !Fdrivers/gpu/vga/vga_switcheroo.c vga_switcheroo_client
+   </chapter>
+ !Cdrivers/gpu/vga/vga_switcheroo.c
+ !Cinclude/linux/vga_switcheroo.h
+ </part>
+ </book>
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@@@ -663,10 -662,11 +663,10 @@@ static u32 i8xx_get_vblank_counter(stru
  /* Called from drm generic code, passed a 'crtc', which
   * we use as a pipe index
   */
- static u32 i915_get_vblank_counter(struct drm_device *dev, int pipe)
+ static u32 i915_get_vblank_counter(struct drm_device *dev, unsigned int pipe)
  {
        struct drm_i915_private *dev_priv = dev->dev_private;
 -      unsigned long high_frame;
 -      unsigned long low_frame;
 +      i915_reg_t high_frame, low_frame;
        u32 high1, high2, low, pixel, vbl_start, hsync_start, htotal;
        struct intel_crtc *intel_crtc =
                to_intel_crtc(dev_priv->pipe_to_crtc_mapping[pipe]);
@@@ -131,9 -126,10 +132,10 @@@ module_param_named_unsafe(preliminary_h
  MODULE_PARM_DESC(preliminary_hw_support,
        "Enable preliminary hardware support.");
  
 -module_param_named_unsafe(disable_power_well, i915.disable_power_well, int, 0600);
 +module_param_named_unsafe(disable_power_well, i915.disable_power_well, int, 0400);
  MODULE_PARM_DESC(disable_power_well,
-       "Disable the power well when possible (default: true)");
+       "Disable display power wells when possible "
+       "(-1=auto [default], 0=power wells always on, 1=power wells disabled when possible)");
  
  module_param_named_unsafe(enable_ips, i915.enable_ips, int, 0600);
  MODULE_PARM_DESC(enable_ips, "Enable IPS (default: true)");
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@@@ -2383,23 -2398,26 +2392,25 @@@ intel_pin_and_fence_fb_obj(struct drm_p
         * framebuffer compression.  For simplicity, we always install
         * a fence as the cost is not that onerous.
         */
-       ret = i915_gem_object_get_fence(obj);
-       if (ret == -EDEADLK) {
-               /*
-                * -EDEADLK means there are no free fences
-                * no pending flips.
-                *
-                * This is propagated to atomic, but it uses
-                * -EDEADLK to force a locking recovery, so
-                * change the returned error to -EBUSY.
-                */
-               ret = -EBUSY;
-               goto err_unpin;
-       } else if (ret)
-               goto err_unpin;
+       if (view.type == I915_GGTT_VIEW_NORMAL) {
+               ret = i915_gem_object_get_fence(obj);
+               if (ret == -EDEADLK) {
+                       /*
+                        * -EDEADLK means there are no free fences
+                        * no pending flips.
+                        *
+                        * This is propagated to atomic, but it uses
+                        * -EDEADLK to force a locking recovery, so
+                        * change the returned error to -EBUSY.
+                        */
+                       ret = -EBUSY;
+                       goto err_unpin;
+               } else if (ret)
+                       goto err_unpin;
  
-       i915_gem_object_pin_fence(obj);
+               i915_gem_object_pin_fence(obj);
+       }
  
 -      dev_priv->mm.interruptible = true;
        intel_runtime_pm_put(dev_priv);
        return 0;
  
@@@ -2418,9 -2437,13 +2429,11 @@@ static void intel_unpin_fb_obj(struct d
  
        WARN_ON(!mutex_is_locked(&obj->base.dev->struct_mutex));
  
 -      ret = intel_fill_fb_ggtt_view(&view, fb, plane_state);
 -      WARN_ONCE(ret, "Couldn't get view from plane state!");
 +      intel_fill_fb_ggtt_view(&view, fb, plane_state);
  
-       i915_gem_object_unpin_fence(obj);
+       if (view.type == I915_GGTT_VIEW_NORMAL)
+               i915_gem_object_unpin_fence(obj);
        i915_gem_object_unpin_from_display_plane(obj, &view);
  }
  
@@@ -14619,21 -14377,17 +14650,22 @@@ static int intel_framebuffer_init(struc
  static struct drm_framebuffer *
  intel_user_framebuffer_create(struct drm_device *dev,
                              struct drm_file *filp,
-                             struct drm_mode_fb_cmd2 *mode_cmd)
+                             struct drm_mode_fb_cmd2 *user_mode_cmd)
  {
 +      struct drm_framebuffer *fb;
        struct drm_i915_gem_object *obj;
+       struct drm_mode_fb_cmd2 mode_cmd = *user_mode_cmd;
  
        obj = to_intel_bo(drm_gem_object_lookup(dev, filp,
-                                               mode_cmd->handles[0]));
+                                               mode_cmd.handles[0]));
        if (&obj->base == NULL)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
  
-       fb = intel_framebuffer_create(dev, mode_cmd, obj);
 -      return intel_framebuffer_create(dev, &mode_cmd, obj);
++      fb = intel_framebuffer_create(dev, &mode_cmd, obj);
 +      if (IS_ERR(fb))
 +              drm_gem_object_unreference_unlocked(&obj->base);
 +
 +      return fb;
  }
  
  #ifndef CONFIG_DRM_FBDEV_EMULATION
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  #define _INTEL_LRC_H_
  
  #define GEN8_LR_CONTEXT_ALIGN 4096
+ #define GEN8_CSB_ENTRIES 6
+ #define GEN8_CSB_PTR_MASK 0x07
  
  /* Execlists regs */
 -#define RING_ELSP(ring)                       ((ring)->mmio_base+0x230)
 -#define RING_EXECLIST_STATUS_LO(ring) ((ring)->mmio_base+0x234)
 -#define RING_EXECLIST_STATUS_HI(ring) ((ring)->mmio_base+0x234 + 4)
 -#define RING_CONTEXT_CONTROL(ring)    ((ring)->mmio_base+0x244)
 +#define RING_ELSP(ring)                               _MMIO((ring)->mmio_base + 0x230)
 +#define RING_EXECLIST_STATUS_LO(ring)         _MMIO((ring)->mmio_base + 0x234)
 +#define RING_EXECLIST_STATUS_HI(ring)         _MMIO((ring)->mmio_base + 0x234 + 4)
 +#define RING_CONTEXT_CONTROL(ring)            _MMIO((ring)->mmio_base + 0x244)
  #define         CTX_CTRL_INHIBIT_SYN_CTX_SWITCH       (1 << 3)
  #define         CTX_CTRL_ENGINE_CTX_RESTORE_INHIBIT   (1 << 0)
  #define   CTX_CTRL_RS_CTX_ENABLE                (1 << 1)
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@@@ -1831,9 -1808,24 +1831,24 @@@ static struct i915_power_well bxt_power
                .domains = BXT_DISPLAY_POWERWELL_2_POWER_DOMAINS,
                .ops = &skl_power_well_ops,
                .data = SKL_DISP_PW_2,
 -      }
 +      },
  };
  
+ static int
+ sanitize_disable_power_well_option(const struct drm_i915_private *dev_priv,
+                                  int disable_power_well)
+ {
+       if (disable_power_well >= 0)
+               return !!disable_power_well;
+       if (IS_SKYLAKE(dev_priv)) {
+               DRM_DEBUG_KMS("Disabling display power well support\n");
+               return 0;
+       }
+       return 1;
+ }
  #define set_power_wells(power_domains, __power_wells) ({              \
        (power_domains)->power_wells = (__power_wells);                 \
        (power_domains)->power_well_count = ARRAY_SIZE(__power_wells);  \
@@@ -1850,8 -1842,9 +1865,11 @@@ int intel_power_domains_init(struct drm
  {
        struct i915_power_domains *power_domains = &dev_priv->power_domains;
  
+       i915.disable_power_well = sanitize_disable_power_well_option(dev_priv,
+                                                    i915.disable_power_well);
 +      BUILD_BUG_ON(POWER_DOMAIN_NUM > 31);
 +
        mutex_init(&power_domains->lock);
  
        /*
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